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Are there clear accounts of the rationale/justification for the sampling, data collection and data analysis techniques used? Is the selection of cases/sampling strategy theoretically justified? Data collection 4. How well was the data collection carried out? For example: Are the data collection methods clearly described? Were the appropriate data collected to address the research question? Was the data collection and record keeping systematic? Trustworthiness 5. Is the role of the researcher clearly described? For example: Has the relationship between the researcher and the participants been adequately considered? Does the paper describe how the research was explained and presented to the participants? 6. Is the context clearly described? For example: Are the characteristics of the participants and settings clearly defined? Were observations made in a sufficient variety of circumstances? Was context bias considered? 7. Were the methods reliable? For example: Was data collected by more than one method? Appropriately Inappropriately Not sure/ inadequately reported Clearly described Unclear Not described Clear Unclear Not sure Reliable Unreliable Not sure Comments: Comments: Comments: Comments: Appendix 2.7 Is there justification for What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 112
triangulation, or for not triangulating? Do the methods investigate what they claim to? Analysis 8. Is the data analysis sufficiently rigorous? For example: Is the procedure explicit – i.e. is it clear how the data was analysed to arrive at the results? How systematic is the analysis, is the procedure reliable/dependable? Is it clear how the themes and concepts were derived from the data? 9. Are the data ‘rich’? For example: How well are the contexts of the data described? Has the diversity of perspective and content been explored? How well has the detail and depth been demonstrated? Are responses compared and contrasted across groups/sites? 10. Is the analysis reliable? For example: Did more than one researcher theme and code transcripts/data? If so, how were differences resolved? Did participants feed back on the transcripts/data if possible and relevant? Were negative/discrepant results addressed or ignored? 11. Are the findings convincing? For example: Rigorous Not rigorous Not sure/not reported Rich Poor Not sure/not reported Reliable Unreliable Not sure/not reported Convincing Not convincing Comments: Comments: Comments: Comments: Appendix 2.7 What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 113
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
Page 67 and 68: References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
Page 69 and 70: References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
Page 71 and 72: References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
Page 73 and 74: References Channon A A, Falkingham
Page 75 and 76: References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
Page 77 and 78: References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
Page 79 and 80: Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
Page 87 and 88: OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
Page 91 and 92: POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
Page 93 and 94: infants (
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
Page 99 and 100: MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
Page 101 and 102: positive neutral negative unclear/n
Page 103 and 104: yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
Page 105 and 106: surveillance system none of the abo
Page 107 and 108: no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
Page 111 and 112: RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
Page 113 and 114: Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
Page 115 and 116: person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
Page 117: Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
Page 121 and 122: Was the study approved by an ethics
Page 123 and 124: Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
Page 127 and 128: Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
Page 129 and 130: Study Setting Intervention type Abo
Page 131 and 132: Study Setting Intervention type Alw
Page 133 and 134: Study Setting Intervention type Ben
Page 135 and 136: Study Setting Intervention type Ble
Page 137 and 138: Study Setting Intervention type Cob
Page 139 and 140: Study Setting Intervention type Des
Page 141 and 142: Study Setting Intervention type Faw
Page 143 and 144: Study Setting Intervention type Jak
Page 145 and 146: Study Setting Intervention type Kup
Page 147 and 148: Study Setting Intervention type Mar
Page 149 and 150: Study Setting Intervention type Nah
Page 151 and 152: Study Setting Intervention type Pad
Page 153 and 154: Study Setting Intervention type Str
Page 155 and 156: Study Setting Intervention type Zia
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
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Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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