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Oral contraceptive Gray (1991) (+)/(+) Other clinical management Abdel (2010) (+)/(-) Bakr (2005) (+)/(-) Women in general Injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera was used during pregnancy. Women in general Uterine massage was used as a means of preventing postpartum haemorrhage. It was done shortly after delivery by the research midwives. Injections of oxytocin were delayed until after the 30-minute period of massage and blood collection, unless blood loss of 500 mL was measured before that time. Women in general Neonates in general Antisepsis intervention consisted of manually wiping the maternal birth canal with a 0.25% chlorhexidine solution in sterile water. The cleansing procedure was done at admission and at every vaginal examination before delivery. Babies born during the intervention phase were wiped all over the body with pads soaked in 0.25% chlorhexidine immediately after delivery. Neonatal mortality Infant mortality Maternal mortality Maternal mortality Neonatal mortality Appendix 4.1 Higher neonatal and infant mortality rates, but not significant after adjustment for low birthweight. Uterine massage alone was associated with more blood loss within 30 minutes after delivery compared with treatment with oxytocin with or without massage. Cleansing the birth canal with chlorhexidine reduced neonatal and maternal postpartum infections. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 204
Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a) (-)/(-) Etuk (2000b) (-)/(-) Fabamwo (2010) (-)/(-) Fenton (1999) (+)/(-) Women with umbilical cord prolapse (UCP) ANC. Adequate prenatal care was defined as consisting of at least four prenatal visits in the index pregnancy and/or at least one prenatal visit within the 2–4 weeks preceding the occurrence of UCP. Inadequate prenatal, or no prenatal care, is defined as poor compliance with prenatal clinic visits or non-attendance at the prenatal clinic in the four weeks preceding occurrence of UCP. Women in general Pregnancies were booked for antenatal care but delivered outside the health facilities. Women in general Pregnancies were booked for antenatal care but delivered outside the health facilities. Women in general Antenatal care in the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Nigeria. Women needing Caesarean section Perinatal mortality Perinatal mortality Maternal mortality Maternal mortality Perinatal mortality Blood transfusion during CS. Maternal mortality Appendix 4.1 The perinatal mortality rate (MR) was higher among women without prenatal care, 463 per 1,000 total births, as compared with 222 per 1,000 total births in women who received prenatal care. The risk of perinatal death was three times higher in pregnancies booked for antenatal care but delivered outside health facilities in Nigeria. There was a significant increase in maternal mortality in pregnancies booked for antenatal care but delivered outside health facilities in Nigeria. Significant reduction in maternal mortality. No significant difference in mortality between mothers transfused and not transfused. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 205
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
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References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
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References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
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References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
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Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
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triangulation, or for not triangula
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Was the study approved by an ethics
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Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
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Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
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Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
Page 177 and 178: Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
Page 189 and 190: Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
Page 201 and 202: Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
Page 203 and 204: Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
Page 205 and 206: Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
Page 207 and 208: Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
Page 209: Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
Page 213 and 214: Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
Page 215 and 216: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
Page 217 and 218: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
Page 219 and 220: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
Page 221 and 222: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
Page 223 and 224: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
Page 227 and 228: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
Page 229 and 230: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
Page 231 and 232: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
Page 233 and 234: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
Page 235 and 236: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
Page 241 and 242: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
Page 245 and 246: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
Page 247 and 248: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
Page 251: The authors of this report were sup
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