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Appendix 3.2 Fawzi W W, Msamanga G I, Spiegelman D, Urassa E J N, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, Hunter D J (1998) Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet, 16(82), 1477-1482. Fenton P M, Reynolds F (2009) Life-saving or ineffective? An observational study of the use of cricoid pressure and maternal outcome in an African setting. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 18(2), 106-110 Fernando D (2005) Orienting health systems for maternal health: the Sri Lankan experience. Development, 48(4), 127-136. Fernando D, Jayatilleka A, Karunaratna V (2003) Pregnancy: reducing maternal deaths and disability in Sri Lanka: national strategies. British Medical Bulletin, 67, 85-98. Fielder J (1991) Child survival and the role of the Ministry of Health in Ecuador: progress, constraints and reorganization. Health Policy and Planning, 6(Mar), 32- 45. Fisher D J, Osmond C, Margetts B M, Fall C H D, Adou P, Aguayo V M, Zeng L (2009) Multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy in low-income countries: a meta-analysis of effects on stillbirths and on early and late neonatal mortality. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 30(4 Suppl.), S547-S555. Fofana P, Samai O, Kebbie A, Sengeh P (1997) Promoting the use of obstetric services through community loan funds, Bo, Sierra Leone. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 59 (Suppl. 2), S225-230. Fortney J A (2001) Holding up a mirror: changing obstetric practice through criterion-based clinical audit in developing countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 74(2), 119-130. Fortney J A, Leong M (2009) Saving mother's lives: programs that work. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 52(2), 224-236. Franco L M, Diop F P, Burgert C R, Kelley A G, Makinen M, Simpara C H (2008) Effects of mutual health organizations on use of priority health-care services in urban and rural Mali: a case-control study. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(11), 830-838. Frankenberg E (1995) The effects of access to health care on infant mortality in Indonesia. Health Transition Review, 5(2), 143-163. Fullerton J T, Frick K D, Fogarty L A, Fishel J D, Vivio D M (2006) Active management of third stage of labour saves facility costs in Guatemala and Zambia. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 24(4), 540-551. Gallo M F, Gebreselassie H, Victorino M T A, Dgedge M, Jamisse L, Bique C (2004) An assessment of abortion services in public health facilities in Mozambique: women's and providers' perspectives. Reproductive Health Matters, 12(24 Supp.), 218-226. Gani A (2009) Health care financing and health outcomes in Pacific Island countries. Health Policy and Planning, 24(1), 72-81. Garenne M L, Coninx R, Dupuy C (1997) Effects of the civil war in central Mozambique and evaluation of the intervention of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 43(6), 318-323. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 162
Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witte J M, Lee L A, Deming M S (2001) Care seeking during fatal childhood illnesses: Siaya District, Kenya, 1998. American Journal of Public Health, 91(10), 1611-1613. Gebrehiwot Y, Liabsuetrakul T (2009) Trends of abortion complications in a transition of abortion law revisions in Ethiopia. Journal of Public Health, 31(1), 81- 87. Geerligs P D, Brabin B J, Eggelte T A (2003) Analysis of the effects of malaria chemoprophylaxis in children on haematological responses, morbidity and mortality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(3), 205-216. George K, Joseph A, Muliyil J, Abraham S, Bhattacharji S, John K R (1998) Measles vaccination before nine months. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 3(9), 751-756. Ghana VAST Study Team (1993) Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions, and child mortality. Lancet, 342(8862), 7-12. Gharoro E P, Okonkwo C A (1999) Changes in service organization: antenatal care policy to improve attendance and reduce maternal mortality. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 67(3), 179-181. Gibbon M, Cazottes I (2001) Working with women's groups to promote health in the community using the Health Analysis and Action Cycle within Nepal. Qualitative Health Research, 11(6), 728-750. Gill Z, Ahmed J U (2004) Experience from Bangladesh: implementing emergency obstetric care as part of the reproductive health agenda. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 85(2), 213-220. Gipson R, El M A, Campbell O, Issa A H, Matta N, Mansour E (2005) The trend of maternal mortality in Egypt from 1992-2000: an emphasis on regional differences. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 9(1), 71-82. Gogia S, Sachdev H S (2009) Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 338(7699), 871-875. Gogia S, Sachdev H S (2010) Home visits by community health workers to prevent neonatal deaths in developing countries: a systematic review [French]. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(9), 658-666. Golden B E, Corbett M, McBurney R, Golden M H (2000) Malnutrition: trials and triumphs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(1), 12-13. Goldie S J, Sweet S, Carvalho N, Natchu U C M, Hu D (2010) Alternative strategies to reduce maternal mortality in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis. PLoS Medicine, 7(4), e1000264. Goodburn E, Campbell O (2001) Reducing maternal mortality in the developing world: sector-wide approaches may be the key. British Medical Journal, 322(7291), 917-920. Gopalan S (1994) Preterm breech delivery in a developing country. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 45(1), 27-34. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 163
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
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References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
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References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
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References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
Page 119 and 120: triangulation, or for not triangula
Page 121 and 122: Was the study approved by an ethics
Page 123 and 124: Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
Page 127 and 128: Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
Page 129 and 130: Study Setting Intervention type Abo
Page 131 and 132: Study Setting Intervention type Alw
Page 133 and 134: Study Setting Intervention type Ben
Page 135 and 136: Study Setting Intervention type Ble
Page 137 and 138: Study Setting Intervention type Cob
Page 139 and 140: Study Setting Intervention type Des
Page 141 and 142: Study Setting Intervention type Faw
Page 143 and 144: Study Setting Intervention type Jak
Page 145 and 146: Study Setting Intervention type Kup
Page 147 and 148: Study Setting Intervention type Mar
Page 149 and 150: Study Setting Intervention type Nah
Page 151 and 152: Study Setting Intervention type Pad
Page 153 and 154: Study Setting Intervention type Str
Page 155 and 156: Study Setting Intervention type Zia
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
Page 167: Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
Page 177 and 178: Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
Page 189 and 190: Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
Page 201 and 202: Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
Page 203 and 204: Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
Page 205 and 206: Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
Page 207 and 208: Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
Page 209 and 210: Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
Page 211 and 212: Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
Page 213 and 214: Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
Page 215 and 216: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
Page 217 and 218: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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