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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Benn (2010) (++)/(++) Garly (2003) (+)/(-) Garly (2004) (+)/(++) Fetuga (2010) (+)/(+) Target Population Low birthweight neonates Neonates in general Infants in general Infants in general Neonates in general Brief intervention description Targeted outcome(s) Infant VAS. Infants were administered 50,000 IU vitamin A or placebo and followed to 12 months. Infant mortality BCG vaccine. Infant mortality Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) alongside measles vaccine. Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) and the National Programme on Immunization (NPI). Infant mortality Neonatal tetanus (NNT) case fatality Findings summary Appendix 4.2 VAS at birth was not significantly associated with infant mortality among low birthweight neonates. A significant association was revealed between VAS and gender,: mortality decreased in boys but increased in girls. BCG-vaccinated children with a BCG scar had significantly lower mortality compared with BCG scar-negative children in the first 12 months of follow-up. The effect of BCG vaccination could be due to non-specific immune stimulation protecting against other infections. Among children enrolled in a measles vaccination trial, HBV-vaccinated children 7½-12 months of age had higher mortality than cohorts that had not received HBV, the difference being particularly strong for girls. Although the percentage prevalence of neonatal tetanus was lower in the later NPI period, the case fatality rate for the NPI period was higher than for the EPI period. The prevalence and mortality of NNT remains high in Nigeria despite a change in immunisation programme. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 212
Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (2008) (++)/(++) Roth (2004) (+)/(+) Target Population Neonates in general Neonates in general Infants in general Other clinical management Darmstadt (2004) (+)/(+) Darmstadt (2008) (++)/(++) Le Fevre (2010) (++)/(+) Mandelbrot (2002) (++)/(+) Brief intervention description Targeted outcome(s) Standard Edmonston-Zagreb measles. Vaccination was administered to infants aged 4.5 months. Post-neonatal mortality Early BCG vaccination. Infant mortality Preterm infants Topical application of sunflower seed oil 3 times daily during neonatal period. Preterm infants Topical application of skin emollients as skin barrier during neonatal period. Preterm neonates Infants born to HIV infected mothers Topical application of skin emollients as skin barrier during neonatal period. Vaginal cleansing with benzalkonium chloride during late pregnancy and delivery. Neonatal mortality Neonatal mortality Neonatal mortality Infant mortality Findings summary Appendix 4.2 The reduction in post-neonatal mortality was not significant. Mortality was lower for BCG-vaccinated than for unvaccinated LBW children controlling for available background factors. The beneficial effect on survival may not be explained by protection against tuberculosis. A significant reduction in mortality due to sepsis was not demonstrated in preterm infants treated by topical therapy with SSO in Egypt. Both sesame seed oil (SSO) and Aquaphor significantly reduced mortality rates among preterm hospitalised infants with gestational age of 33 weeks in Bangladesh. Topical therapy with SSO or Aquaphor was highly cost-effective in reducing deaths from infection among the preterm neonates in Bangladesh. No benefit of cleansing on mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, perinatal mortality or infant mortality. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 213
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
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using qualitative analysis to attem
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Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
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Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
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Search results access or satisfacti
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4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
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Synthesis results Four studies focu
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Drug treatments (including micronut
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Synthesis results Training and audi
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Synthesis results order to be effec
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Synthesis results government admini
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HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
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Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
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and birthing care services, includi
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Synthesis results of settings were
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Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
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4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
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5. Strengths and limitations Summar
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6. Conclusions and recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations Urb
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References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
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References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
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References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
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References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
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Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
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triangulation, or for not triangula
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Was the study approved by an ethics
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Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
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Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
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Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
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Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
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Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
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Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Page 169 and 170: Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
Page 171 and 172: Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
Page 173 and 174: Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
Page 177 and 178: Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
Page 179 and 180: Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
Page 185 and 186: Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
Page 187 and 188: Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
Page 189 and 190: Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
Page 191 and 192: Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
Page 193 and 194: Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
Page 195 and 196: Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
Page 197 and 198: Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
Page 199 and 200: Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
Page 201 and 202: Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
Page 203 and 204: Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
Page 205 and 206: Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
Page 207 and 208: Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
Page 209 and 210: Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
Page 211 and 212: Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
Page 213 and 214: Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
Page 215 and 216: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
Page 217: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
Page 221 and 222: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
Page 223 and 224: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
Page 225 and 226: Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
Page 227 and 228: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
Page 229 and 230: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
Page 231 and 232: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
Page 233 and 234: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
Page 235 and 236: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
Page 241 and 242: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
Page 243 and 244: Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
Page 245 and 246: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
Page 247 and 248: Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
Page 249 and 250: Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
Page 251: The authors of this report were sup
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