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UNSD (2008) Demographic yearbook 2006. New York: United Nations Statistics Division. References Urban Health Resource Centre (2006) State of urban health in Delhi. New Delhi: UHRC/Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Van de Poel E, O’Donnell O, Van Doorslaer E (2007) Are urban children really healthier? Evidence from 47 developing countries. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 1986–2003. Vos R, Cuesta J, Leon M, Rosero R L Y (2006) Infantile mortalities, equality and efficiency: a cost-effective analysis for achieving the millennium goal in Ecuador [Spanish]. European Journal of Development Research, 18(2), 179-202. Wang’ombe J (1995) Public health crises of cities in developing countries. Social Science and Medicine, 41(6), 857-862. White H (2009) Theory-based impact evaluation: principles and practice. Available at http://www.3ieimpact.org/admin/pdfs_papers/51.pdf (Accessed 10 March 2011) White Ribbon Alliance (2010) The White Ribbon Alliance atlas of birth. London: White Ribbon Alliance Books. World Bank (2011) Country and lending groups. Washington DC: World Bank. Available at http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-andlending-groups (Accessed 23 August 2011) World Health Organization (2003) Kangaroo mother care: a practical guide. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2006) Neonatal and perinatal mortality: country, regional and global estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2010) Hidden cities: unmasking and overcoming health inequities in urban settings. Kobe: The WHO Centre for Health Development and Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. World Health Organization (2011a) Choosing interventions that are cost-effective (WHO-CHOICE) Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2011b) Data and statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at http://www.who.int/research/en/ (Accessed 23 August 2011). Ziraba A, Madise N, Mills S, Kyobutungi C, Ezeh A (2009a) Maternal mortality in the informal settlements of Nairobi city: what do we know? Reproductive Health 6(6). Ziraba A K, Mills S, Madise N, Saliku T, Fotso J C (2009b) The state of emergency obstetric care services in Nairobi informal settlements and environs: results from a maternity health facility survey. BMC Health Services Research, 9, 46. What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 72
Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship of this report Authors Appendix 1.1 Dr Ernestina Coast, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Mr David McDaid, LSE Personal and Social Services Research Unit and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Dr Tiziana Leone, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Ms Valentina Iemmi, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Dr Emma Pitchforth, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Professor Zoe Matthews, Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Dr Atsumi Hirose, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Ms Rowena Macrae-Gibson, British Library of Politics and Economic Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Dr Jane Secker, LSE Centre for Learning Technology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Ms Eleri Jones, LSE Health and Social Care, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom Advisory group Dr Veronique Filippi, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Dr Andrew D Oxman, Department of Evidence-Based Health Services, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway Department for International Organisation (DFID) Contact Ms Jeanine McMahon LSE Enterprise London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom Email: J.McMahon@lse.ac.uk Phone: 0044 20 7852 3624 What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 73
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Systematic review What are the effe
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Contents List of abbreviations ....
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List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
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Executive summary Background Execut
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Executive summary be to retrospecti
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Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
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Background Cross-sectional surveys
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Background For some causes of mater
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Background informal settlements on
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Background review focused on explic
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Types of intervention Interventions
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Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Age
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second stage previously described f
Page 27 and 28: using qualitative analysis to attem
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
Page 31 and 32: Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
Page 33 and 34: Search results access or satisfacti
Page 35 and 36: 4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
Page 37 and 38: Synthesis results Four studies focu
Page 39 and 40: Drug treatments (including micronut
Page 41 and 42: Synthesis results Training and audi
Page 43 and 44: Synthesis results order to be effec
Page 45 and 46: Synthesis results government admini
Page 47 and 48: HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
Page 49 and 50: Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
Page 51 and 52: and birthing care services, includi
Page 53 and 54: Synthesis results of settings were
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
Page 59 and 60: 5. Strengths and limitations Summar
Page 61 and 62: 6. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 63 and 64: Conclusions and recommendations Urb
Page 65 and 66: References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
Page 67 and 68: References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
Page 69 and 70: References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
Page 71 and 72: References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
Page 73 and 74: References Channon A A, Falkingham
Page 75 and 76: References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
Page 77: References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
Page 83 and 84: Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
Page 85 and 86: Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
Page 87 and 88: OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
Page 89 and 90: Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
Page 91 and 92: POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
Page 93 and 94: infants (
Page 95 and 96: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
Page 99 and 100: MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
Page 101 and 102: positive neutral negative unclear/n
Page 103 and 104: yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
Page 105 and 106: surveillance system none of the abo
Page 107 and 108: no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
Page 111 and 112: RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
Page 113 and 114: Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
Page 115 and 116: person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
Page 117 and 118: Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
Page 119 and 120: triangulation, or for not triangula
Page 121 and 122: Was the study approved by an ethics
Page 123 and 124: Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
Page 127 and 128: Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
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Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
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Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
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Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
Page 211 and 212:
Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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