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IBSS LILACS Pubmed/Medline PAIS POPLINE PsychINFO R4D Western Pacific Region Index Medicus In addition to the databases included in our search protocol, a number of additional databases were examined and were excluded on the basis of lack of functionality, country or topic coverage, and in a few cases because of a lack of access (Appendix 2.9). Relevant studies were identified by searching electronic databases, combining terms for (1) included maternal and infant health outcomes and (2) included countries. We decided not to narrow down by urban terms, but instead to determine whether studies took place in an urban environment through analysis of abstracts and the keywords used. A full detailed list of terms used is provided in Appendix 2.2. Editorials, letters, commentaries, book reviews and non-systematic literature reviews were excluded from the analysis. Given the very broad nature of this review, we relied on a wide range of appropriate keywords, descriptors and indexing terms, e.g. the medical subjects headings (MeSH) keywords for the US National of Library PubMed/Medline database, and descriptors, where these we available. In databases where such terms were limited we had to rely on a broad range of free text terms. Relevant search terms were identified both from the expert input of members of the research team, analysis of terms used in papers identified in handsearches and pilot database searches, as well as analysis of keyword and indexing hierarchies where available in the different databases searched. Details of the databases searched and the search strategies used, specifying keywords, descriptors and free text terms are in Appendix 2.2. One limitation of our search however, was that we did not replicate our search strategy in terms other than English, which potentially could have increased the number of relevant papers found in some databases that carry more non-English language journals. We did not conduct a specific search for conference proceedings, theses or other dissertations. Google Advanced Search 9 was used to search organisation websites (Appendix 2.3). These included some government websites for overseas development aid departments, as well as international agencies (Box 2.2). The search strings were ‘infant mortality’ and/or ‘maternal mortality’. Only items in English were sought, and the first 20 items were reviewed for relevance. All of the websites that were searched have been tagged as LSEDFID_SysRev2011 in Diigo 10 to facilitate sharing. 9 http://www.google.co.uk/advanced_search 10 http://www.diigo.com/user/LSE_DFID Methods What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 16
Box 2.2: Websites searched AFD (Agence Française de Développement) APHRC (African Population and Health Research Center) Center for International Health and Development Cochrane LMIC COOPITA (Cooperazione Italiana allo Sviluppo) DFID (UK Department for International Development) EADI (European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes) ELDIS EU Development (European Commission Development and Relations with African Caribbean and Pacific States) EU Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection) EuropeAid (European Commission Cooperation Office) Family Care International Irish Aid London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine library Measurement, Learning and Evaluation Project for the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative NORAD (Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation) Pan American Health Organisation Library PMNCH (Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health) R4D (Research 4 Development) SDC (Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation) SIDA (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) Urban Health Resource Centre USAID (United States Agency for International Development) WB (World Bank) WHO (World Health Organization) MLE Programme Open SIGLE WHO International Trial registry portal Methods What are the effects of different models of delivery for improving maternal and infant health outcomes for poor people in urban areas in low income and lower middle income countries? 17
Page 1 and 2: Systematic review What are the effe
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of abbreviations ....
Page 5 and 6: List of abbreviations AIDS Acquired
Page 7 and 8: Executive summary Background Execut
Page 9 and 10: Executive summary be to retrospecti
Page 11 and 12: Background many LICs and LMCs, it i
Page 13 and 14: Background Cross-sectional surveys
Page 15 and 16: Background For some causes of mater
Page 17 and 18: Background informal settlements on
Page 19 and 20: Background review focused on explic
Page 21: Types of intervention Interventions
Page 25 and 26: second stage previously described f
Page 27 and 28: using qualitative analysis to attem
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3.1: Filtering of papers fro
Page 31 and 32: Middle East and North Africa (8%) S
Page 33 and 34: Search results access or satisfacti
Page 35 and 36: 4. Synthesis results Summary Synthe
Page 37 and 38: Synthesis results Four studies focu
Page 39 and 40: Drug treatments (including micronut
Page 41 and 42: Synthesis results Training and audi
Page 43 and 44: Synthesis results order to be effec
Page 45 and 46: Synthesis results government admini
Page 47 and 48: HIV/AIDS and Malaria, as well as no
Page 49 and 50: Synthesis results ASSESSING THE COS
Page 51 and 52: and birthing care services, includi
Page 53 and 54: Synthesis results of settings were
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4.1: Causal chain for matern
Page 57 and 58: 4.3 Summary of results of causal ch
Page 59 and 60: 5. Strengths and limitations Summar
Page 61 and 62: 6. Conclusions and recommendations
Page 63 and 64: Conclusions and recommendations Urb
Page 65 and 66: References Bakr A F, Karkour T (200
Page 67 and 68: References Deschamps M M, Noel F, B
Page 69 and 70: References Lim S, Dandona L, Hoisin
Page 71 and 72: References Shantharam Baliga B, Rag
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References Channon A A, Falkingham
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References Jowett M (2000) Safe Mot
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References Rice J, Rice J S (2009)
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Appendices Appendix 1.1: Authorship
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Appendix 2.1: Inclusion and exclusi
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Appendix 2.2: Search strategy for e
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Appendix 2.2 Infant* OR Matern* OR
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OR/ 12-13 11 AND 14 Limit 15 to pub
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Appendix 2.4: Journals handsearched
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POOR PROFILE Is the study populatio
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infants (
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (surgical
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Appendix 2.5 Intervention (service
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MORTALITY OUTCOME TYPES Which morta
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positive neutral negative unclear/n
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yes no unclear/not stated N/A Study
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surveillance system none of the abo
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no SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS Is inf
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Appendix 2.5 QUANTITATIVE DATA ADJU
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RESEARCHER RELATIONSHIP Has the rel
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Were the inclusion/exclusion criter
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person-years). 3.5 Was follow-up ti
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Appendix 2.7 Appendix 2.7: Quality
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triangulation, or for not triangula
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Was the study approved by an ethics
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Item Yes No Not clear 3. The viewpo
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Appendix 2.9: Electronic databases
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Web of Knowledge (including ISI Cit
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Study Setting Intervention type Abo
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Study Setting Intervention type Alw
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Study Setting Intervention type Ben
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Study Setting Intervention type Ble
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Study Setting Intervention type Cob
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Study Setting Intervention type Des
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Study Setting Intervention type Faw
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Study Setting Intervention type Jak
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Study Setting Intervention type Kup
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Study Setting Intervention type Mar
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Study Setting Intervention type Nah
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Study Setting Intervention type Pad
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Study Setting Intervention type Str
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Study Setting Intervention type Zia
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Appendix 3.2 Adam G K, Abdulla M A,
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Appendix 3.2 Balkus J, Bosire R, Jo
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Appendix 3.2 Boerma J T, Stroh G (1
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Appendix 3.2 Chiwuzie J, Okojie O,
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Appendix 3.2 De Alencar A E, Arraes
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Appendix 3.2 Ekman B, Pathmanathan
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Appendix 3.2 Garg R, Omwomo W, Witt
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Appendix 3.2 Gupta R, Sachdev H P,
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Appendix 3.2 Hutton G, Schellenberg
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Appendix 3.2 Khandker S R, Latif M
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Appendix 3.2 Lindblade K A, Eisele
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Appendix 3.2 Menéndez C, Bardají
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Appendix 3.2 Nduati R, John G, Mbor
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Appendix 3.2 O'Rourke K (1995a) The
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Appendix 3.2 Prual A, De Bernis L,
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Appendix 3.2 Sabitu K, Alti-Mu'azu
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Appendix 3.2 Smith J B, Coleman N A
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Appendix 3.2 Van Rheenen P, De Moor
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Appendix 3.2 Xiang X, Wang L, Xu L
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Appendix 3.4 Appendix 3.4: Studies
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Appendix 3.4 International Bank for
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Appendix 3.5 Appendix 3.5: Studies
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Orji (2003) (-)/(-) Shihadeh (2001)
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Chinayon (1998) (+)/(+) Kamilya (20
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Nahar (2004) (-)/(-) Tukur (2007) (
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Ndibazza (2010) (++)/(+) Antiretrov
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Bergstrom (1991) (+)/(+) Women with
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Enakpene (2010) (+)/(-) Etuk (2000a
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Pereira (1996) (-)/(-) Saleem (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Joshi (2007
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Aaby (2005)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Martins (20
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) de Muylder
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Provider mo
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Appendix 4.4: Included items dealin
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target Popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Colonna (19
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Kuhn (2008)
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Target popu
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Mswia (2003
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Appendix 4.6: Included items dealin
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Appendix 4.8 Appendix 4.8: Economic
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) and setting
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Appendix 4.9: Included items identi
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Author (year) (IV)/(EV) Poor urban
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Appendix 4.10: High-quality include
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The authors of this report were sup
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