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xii Table des matières 6.2.3 Example trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 6.3 The balance between feeding and predation: comparison of life history strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.3.1 Plankton and predators in a 3D current field . . . 126 6.3.2 More elaborate larval dynamics and stochastic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.3.3 Comparison between contrasting biological parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.3.4 Resulting optimal trajectories and decisions . . . . 132 6.3.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.4 The relative influence of oriented swimming and passive advection in a dynamic flow field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.4.1 Advection in a dynamic current field . . . . . . . 137 6.4.2 Continuous and quantitative description of swimming behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.4.3 Complete optimisation model . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.4.4 Large impact of swimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4.5 Effect of temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.5 General discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.5.1 Why optimal strategies? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.5.2 Why self-recruitment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.5.3 Model validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.5.4 Consequences of larval behaviour on connectivity 166 6.A Choice of the last two optimal decisions . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.B Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 C Conclusion 171 C.1 Principaux résultats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 C.2 Intérêts et limites des modèles numériques . . . . . . . . 174 C.2.1 Quand et pourquoi utiliser des modèles ? . . . . . 174 C.2.2 Quels modèles pour la phase larvaire des organismes marins ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 C.3 Pistes de recherche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 A Undescribed Chaetodonthidae 183 Bibliographie 187 Remerciements 209
Liste des figures I.1 Page de garde de la publication de Hjort, 1914 . . . . . . . . 1 I.2 Cycle de vie des poissons démersaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I.3 Densité dépendance à l’installation pour Dascyllus trimaculatus 5 I.4 Schéma d’une métapopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 I.5 Dispersion et dispersion natale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 I.6 Noyau de dispersion et échelles spatio-temporelles pertinentes pour les questions écologiques et génétiques . . . . . 14 I.7 Échelles spatio-temporelles des processus influençant et influencés par la connectivité . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 I.8 Prédiction du chargement optimal chez l’Étourneau . . . . . 18 I.9 Photographies aériennes de la Grande Barrière de Corail . . 21 I.10 Vitesses de nage et capacité sensorielles chez 11 taxa marins 22 1.1 Comparison of trait values for the whole population and for successful recruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.2 Larval behaviours hierarchy, by importance for early life history models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.1 3D representation of the OWNFOR device . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.2 Flowchart of the video analysis process . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.3 Video frame captured by the OWNFOR device, before and after video processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4 Two characteristic trajectories of the OWNFOR device . . . . 55 2.5 Trajectory in the aquarium before and after correction by compass readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.6 Comparison between a passive trajectory and possible ranges of active trajectories of a pomacentrid in the Gulf Stream . . 59 3.1 Number of species per vertical position for each settlement zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1 Tetiaroa situation map and sampling stations . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2 Sampling plan at one station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.3 Wind field for the four rotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.4 Interpolated surface flow field for the four rotations . . . . . 78 4.5 Interpolated pycnocline depth for the four rotations . . . . . 79 xiii
Page 3: À mon étoile.
Page 6 and 7: vi Résumé La plupart des organism
Page 8 and 9: viii Abstract Most demersal marine
Page 10 and 11: x Table des matières 1.3.3 Simple
Page 14 and 15: xiv Liste des figures 4.6 Distribut
Page 17: Liste des tableaux 1.1 Potential or
Page 20 and 21: 2 Introduction La survie des larves
Page 22 and 23: 4 Introduction Limitation par le re
Page 24 and 25: 6 Introduction Les courants déterm
Page 26 and 27: 8 Introduction où m est le taux de
Page 28 and 29: 10 Introduction biologique simple.
Page 30 and 31: 12 Introduction Le milieu lui-même
Page 32 and 33: 14 Introduction Figure I.6 Schémat
Page 34 and 35: 16 Introduction obstacles technique
Page 36 and 37: 18 Introduction Figure I.8 Prédict
Page 38 and 39: 20 Introduction I.5 La biologie des
Page 40 and 41: 22 Introduction du fonctionnement d
Page 42 and 43: 24 Introduction L’objectif de cet
Page 44 and 45: 26 Behaviour in models 1.1 Introduc
Page 46 and 47: 28 Behaviour in models Using mean p
Page 48 and 49: 30 Behaviour in models 1.3 Vertical
Page 50 and 51: 32 Behaviour in models . . . bring
Page 52 and 53: 34 Behaviour in models of measured
Page 54 and 55: 36 Behaviour in models Additive dis
Page 56 and 57: 38 Behaviour in models In situ stud
Page 58 and 59: 40 Behaviour in models Operational
Page 60 and 61: 42 Behaviour in models Effects on p
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44 Behaviour in models begins is no
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46 Behaviour in models 1.10 Conclus
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48 Larvae orientation in situ Diver
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50 Larvae orientation in situ . . .
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52 Larvae orientation in situ optio
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54 Larvae orientation in situ if >
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56 Larvae orientation in situ Table
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58 Larvae orientation in situ that
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60 Larvae orientation in situ 2.A A
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62 Behaviour of settling fishes at
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Chapter 4 Biophysical correlates in
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Methods 71 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Sampli
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Methods 73 Three rotations were com
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Methods 75 test really focuses on w
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Results 77 Figure 4.3 Mean of insta
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Results 79 Figure 4.5 Perspective v
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Results 81 Table 4.1 Abundances of
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Results 83 Figure 4.8 Distribution
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Results 85 Figure 4.10 Concentratio
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Discussion 87 Figure 4.11 Compariso
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Discussion 89 But the most likely e
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Acknowledgements 91 This evidence a
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Chapter 5 Ontogenetic vertical “m
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The statistical analysis of vertica
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Methods 101 80, 55, 30 m (Figure 4.
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Methods 103 same station were likel
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Results 105 Figure 5.2 Univariate r
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Results 107 5.4.3 Ontogenetic shift
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Results 109 Figure 5.5 Violin plot
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Discussion 111 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1
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Discussion 113 expression of differ
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Chapter 6 Oceanography vs. behaviou
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Introduction 117 a good description
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A general modelling framework for l
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The balance between feeding and pre
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Oriented swimming and passive advec
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General discussion 161 such integra
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General discussion 163 6.5.2 Why se
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General discussion 165 such as the
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General discussion 167 energeticall
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Acknowledgements 169 Therefore: •
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172 Conclusion Un environnement pé
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174 Conclusion global sur la connec
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176 Conclusion l’intérêt est po
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178 Conclusion La différence entre
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180 Conclusion Mieux décrire la di
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182 Conclusion Comme tout comportem
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184 Undescribed Chaetodonthidae Fig
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186 Undescribed Chaetodonthidae Fig
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188 Bibliographie [12] Cushing DH.
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190 Bibliographie [39] Johnson MW.
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192 Bibliographie [71] Paris CB, Co
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194 Bibliographie [99] Lara MR. Mor
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196 Bibliographie [127] Masuda R, S
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198 Bibliographie [157] Holbrook SJ
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200 Bibliographie [187] Bowen B, Ba
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202 Bibliographie [218] Oxenford HA
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204 Bibliographie [246] Wellington
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206 Bibliographie [276] Sargent RC,
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208 Bibliographie [308] Greenberg D
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210 Remerciements solides pour ces
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212 Remerciements tri des larves de
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214 Remerciements Évidemment, tout
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