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58 Larvae orientation in situ that it still lets sound through. High frequency sound can be reduced to inaudible levels using two nested arenas isolated by a layer of air. A polarising acrylic filter placed over the chamber can change the polarisation of light. Eventually, even the magnetic information could be altered using a solenoid coil placed around the arena (K. Lohmann, pers. comm.). Permits to study Compared to the experimental methods used on the reef or in the younger larval stages laboratory (manipulated light traps 144 or patch reefs 145 , and choice chambers 103,112,115 ), this device greatly broadens the scope of the experiment. It makes it possible to study early stage as well as competent larvae within pelagic waters—their natural environment—instead of restricting the study to settlement-stage larvae near the reef. Previous experimental methods only investigated the possibility for young larvae to detect a particular cue, without any information about whether it was actually used for orientation. In contrast, in situ methods showed that larvae orient, but only allow speculation regarding the cues involved. The OWNFOR method could bring together those two types of results and allow for an in situ investigation the influence of environmental cues in the orientation behaviour of all larval stages. Great efforts have been directed toward modelling larval trajectories and incorporating larval behaviour in dispersal models 155 . The preliminary observations made in this study help to emphasise the potential role of orientation in shaping dispersal trajectories. Given observed current conditions and swimming bearings, larvae could deviate from passive trajectories by several hundred meters in as little as 15 minutes, even under the strong flow speeds in the Gulf Stream (Figure 2.6). The success and effectiveness of this new device in investigating both orientation and related cues opens new possibilities for such models and for the understanding of larval ecology in general.
Discussion 59 Figure 2.6 Comparison between passive trajectory of the device (thick line) and ranges of possible active trajectories under different swimming speeds, for the 15 min of the experiment. In all cases the range of swimming bearings is the one observed in the device (see included rose diagram). Three speeds are considered: in situ speed (10 cm s -1 ), half U crit which is a measure of sustained swimming speed, and U crit = 37.5 cm s -1 which is measure of maximum performance for shorter time periods. In as little as 15 min, larvae would deviate up to 400 m from the passive trajectory.
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À mon étoile.
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vi Résumé La plupart des organism
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viii Abstract Most demersal marine
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x Table des matières 1.3.3 Simple
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xii Table des matières 6.2.3 Examp
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xiv Liste des figures 4.6 Distribut
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Liste des tableaux 1.1 Potential or
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2 Introduction La survie des larves
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4 Introduction Limitation par le re
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6 Introduction Les courants déterm
Page 26 and 27: 8 Introduction où m est le taux de
Page 28 and 29: 10 Introduction biologique simple.
Page 30 and 31: 12 Introduction Le milieu lui-même
Page 32 and 33: 14 Introduction Figure I.6 Schémat
Page 34 and 35: 16 Introduction obstacles technique
Page 36 and 37: 18 Introduction Figure I.8 Prédict
Page 38 and 39: 20 Introduction I.5 La biologie des
Page 40 and 41: 22 Introduction du fonctionnement d
Page 42 and 43: 24 Introduction L’objectif de cet
Page 44 and 45: 26 Behaviour in models 1.1 Introduc
Page 46 and 47: 28 Behaviour in models Using mean p
Page 48 and 49: 30 Behaviour in models 1.3 Vertical
Page 50 and 51: 32 Behaviour in models . . . bring
Page 52 and 53: 34 Behaviour in models of measured
Page 54 and 55: 36 Behaviour in models Additive dis
Page 56 and 57: 38 Behaviour in models In situ stud
Page 58 and 59: 40 Behaviour in models Operational
Page 60 and 61: 42 Behaviour in models Effects on p
Page 62 and 63: 44 Behaviour in models begins is no
Page 64 and 65: 46 Behaviour in models 1.10 Conclus
Page 66 and 67: 48 Larvae orientation in situ Diver
Page 68 and 69: 50 Larvae orientation in situ . . .
Page 70 and 71: 52 Larvae orientation in situ optio
Page 72 and 73: 54 Larvae orientation in situ if >
Page 74 and 75: 56 Larvae orientation in situ Table
Page 78 and 79: 60 Larvae orientation in situ 2.A A
Page 80 and 81: 62 Behaviour of settling fishes at
Page 87 and 88: Chapter 4 Biophysical correlates in
Page 89 and 90: Methods 71 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Sampli
Page 91 and 92: Methods 73 Three rotations were com
Page 93 and 94: Methods 75 test really focuses on w
Page 95 and 96: Results 77 Figure 4.3 Mean of insta
Page 97 and 98: Results 79 Figure 4.5 Perspective v
Page 99 and 100: Results 81 Table 4.1 Abundances of
Page 101 and 102: Results 83 Figure 4.8 Distribution
Page 103 and 104: Results 85 Figure 4.10 Concentratio
Page 105 and 106: Discussion 87 Figure 4.11 Compariso
Page 107 and 108: Discussion 89 But the most likely e
Page 109 and 110: Acknowledgements 91 This evidence a
Page 111 and 112: Chapter 5 Ontogenetic vertical “m
Page 113 and 114: The statistical analysis of vertica
Page 119 and 120: Methods 101 80, 55, 30 m (Figure 4.
Page 121 and 122: Methods 103 same station were likel
Page 123 and 124: Results 105 Figure 5.2 Univariate r
Page 125 and 126: Results 107 5.4.3 Ontogenetic shift
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Results 109 Figure 5.5 Violin plot
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Discussion 111 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1
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Discussion 113 expression of differ
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Chapter 6 Oceanography vs. behaviou
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Introduction 117 a good description
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A general modelling framework for l
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The balance between feeding and pre
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Oriented swimming and passive advec
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General discussion 161 such integra
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General discussion 163 6.5.2 Why se
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General discussion 165 such as the
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General discussion 167 energeticall
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Acknowledgements 169 Therefore: •
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172 Conclusion Un environnement pé
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174 Conclusion global sur la connec
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176 Conclusion l’intérêt est po
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178 Conclusion La différence entre
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180 Conclusion Mieux décrire la di
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182 Conclusion Comme tout comportem
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184 Undescribed Chaetodonthidae Fig
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186 Undescribed Chaetodonthidae Fig
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188 Bibliographie [12] Cushing DH.
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190 Bibliographie [39] Johnson MW.
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192 Bibliographie [71] Paris CB, Co
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194 Bibliographie [99] Lara MR. Mor
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196 Bibliographie [127] Masuda R, S
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198 Bibliographie [157] Holbrook SJ
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200 Bibliographie [187] Bowen B, Ba
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202 Bibliographie [218] Oxenford HA
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204 Bibliographie [246] Wellington
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206 Bibliographie [276] Sargent RC,
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208 Bibliographie [308] Greenberg D
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210 Remerciements solides pour ces
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212 Remerciements tri des larves de
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214 Remerciements Évidemment, tout
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