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CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Final
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Acknowledgements Jim Braun and Haor
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Abstract Project 2.1, Fault Detecti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LI
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LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 - Field Test
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The report “Description of Labora
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mounted heat pumps for heating and
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The retail stores are in Southern C
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Figure 1 - Field Test Sites Data Co
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Gibson School (Cont’d) Woodland S
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Table 1 - Data List for Modular Sch
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BUILDING TYPE: Modular School Rooms
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HEATING / AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMEN
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Sacramento Area McDonalds PlayPlace
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Bradshaw Road (Sacramento Area) McD
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TEST INSTRUMENTATION: Tables 2 and
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Table 2 - Data List for Inland Rest
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Table 3 - Data List for Inland Rest
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Table 3 - Data List for Inland Rest
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Castro Valley (San Francisco Bay Ar
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Castro Valley McDonalds PlayPlace P
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more or less custom design, publish
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BUILDING TYPE: Retail Store ADDRESS
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TEST INSTRUMENTATION: Similar test
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• Temperature and humidity levels
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November 2001 - December/January 20
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction..
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1. Introduction All the thermodynam
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Table 1.1 Comparisons of Three Mode
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solution procedure involves the non
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independent of the moisture content
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function, f ( X , y) , if it can be
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Figure 2.1 Neural-Network Implement
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prototype was developed by using th
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3. Comparison of black-box modeling
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which is more accurate than the exp
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Similar to GRNN, RBF has very good
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Table 3.2 RMS error (Polynomial,GRN
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Table 3.4 Contrast of Black-box mod
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Polynomial plus GRNN Training Desir
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interpolation(poly+GRNN) extrapolat
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used to build the steady-state mode
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α , ρ, τ I t t s h o A t a Figur
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Temperature (F) 82 79 76 73 Condens
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0.050 0.045 Pressure = 101.3 [kPa]
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T T − T − T W = W −W −W m =
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Figure 4.8 Output of three steady-s
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will be calculated to represent the
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180 175 RMS error = 0.3984 (F) Pred
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180 175 RMS error =1.1472 (F) Predi
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51 50 RMS error=0.3860 (F) Predicte
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4.4 California field site results S
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- Page 107 and 108: Since air conditioners always cycle
- Page 109 and 110: 6. Conclusions and future work So f
- Page 111 and 112: Lee, W., House, J.M. and Shin, D.R.
- Page 113 and 114: Table of Contents 1 Introduction...
- Page 115 and 116: AHU α β 2 d i EER ∆ ∆ η v T
- Page 117 and 118: $ !! !! )
- Page 119 and 120: Paper statistics in HVAC FDD Number
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- Page 123 and 124: + : 6336" ,
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- Page 127 and 128: 6 24 122 7) 6 3++, ) . !! /011
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- Page 131 and 132: 336 F / s $ S
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- Page 135 and 136: Figure 3-4 2-dimensional residual d
- Page 137 and 138: 10 5 Normal and current operation p
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- Page 141 and 142: 0 + α 6 d χ ( )
- Page 143 and 144: Normal operation region Residual-2
- Page 145 and 146: Table 3-2 Refrigerant Leak at 20% l
- Page 147 and 148: ratio dist = P F 1 P F 1 2 1 9.0
- Page 149 and 150: $ , " - (
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- Page 153: Table 4-2 Polynomial plus GRNN mode
- Page 158 and 159: 3.6 3.4 w predict (kw) 3.2 3 2.8 2.
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- Page 162 and 163: 62? "J032 "J08< "J96< "J? 6"J90 &"J
- Page 164 and 165: Table 4-13 Average (right, wrong) f
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- Page 170 and 171: # ASHRAE. 1993. ASHRAE Handbook -
- Page 172 and 173: Glass, A.Sl, Gruber, P.,Roos, and M
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- Page 176 and 177: $ * 8(! 0( + .
- Page 178 and 179: $ ) / $$
- Page 180 and 181: Table 3 Sensitivity of Statistical
- Page 182 and 183: n 2 yi di 2 2 + d x = ( − ) ~ χ
- Page 184 and 185: Load 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3 4 Fault
- Page 186 and 187: Load 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3 4 Fault
- Page 188 and 189: PF = ( x − c) + ( y − c) PF (
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- Page 192 and 193: A DECOUPLING-BASED FDD APPROACH FOR
- Page 194 and 195: 3 1.2.3.4 Evaporator Fouling Fault
- Page 196 and 197: 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 System
- Page 198 and 199: 7 Figure A2-1 RTD measuring scheme
- Page 200 and 201: 9 NOMENCLATURE AHU α α β c = Air
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15 So, the input-output relationshi
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17 As a result of these considerati
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19 1.1.2 Fault Diagnosis Fault diag
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21 ⎛ ⎡n⎤⎞ ⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎟
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23 or pattern are coordinate axes,
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25 To eliminate impacts of the line
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27 faults’ features ( j ≠ i z j
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29 while classical thermodynamics f
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31 condenser air flow rate results
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33 To handle multiple-simultaneous
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35 When a compressor valve has leak
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37 L 2 1 P cond = Pdis − 0 ( fvdx
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39 rncg o ∆ Tcond, abnorm < −34
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41 Also, high velocity air makes it
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43 Figure 1-9 illustrates the liqui
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45 is extremely low. However, it is
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47 & corresponding to the speed set
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49 NonCond CondFoul CompLeak EvapFo
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51 The penalty of using this low-co
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53 2 CASE STUDIES In order to valid
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55 2.1.2 Condenser Fouling Decoupli
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57 point the actual evaporator air
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59 Liquid-Line Pressure Drop (psi)
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61 30 refleak compleak llrestr cond
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63 Refrigerant Low-charge Refrigera
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65 Although the predefined fault le
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67 Figure 2-13 Outputs of the FDD d
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69 Although every individual fault
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71 FDDRW), FDDRW recommended that:
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73 Figure 2-19 Outputs of the FDD d
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75 2.3 Results for California Field
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77 Figure 2-23 plots the normalized
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79 Figure 2-25 Histogram bar plot o
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81 Figure 2-28 Histogram bar plot o
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83 Faults Refrigerant Charge Liquid
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85 REFERENCE Aaron, D. A., and P. A
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87 Dexter, Arthur; Pakanen, Jouko (
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89 Journal of Heating, Ventilating,
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91 devices. An equation for liquid
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93 application falls into the “ve
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95 6.84 Tevap=40F Tevap=20F Tevap=0
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97 In summary, from manufacturers
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99 Figure A1-7 shows the geometric
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101 Figure A1-9 shows the refrigera
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103 Table A1-1 TXV rating settings
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105 Assuming the reserve capacity i
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107 Relative error of mass flow rat
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109 APPENDIX 2 RTD TEMPERATURE SENS
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111 Table A2-1 Thermal resistance d
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1 AUTOMATED FAULT DETECTION AND DIA
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2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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4 5 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS ..........
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Figure 4-17 Outputs of the FDD demo
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8 NOMENCLATURE ANN = Artificial neu
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10 σ = Standard deviation σ norma
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12 normal state variables, 2) stead
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14 Figure E-2 Histogram of the norm
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16 Faults Refrigerant Charge Liquid
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18 3. Elimination of preventative m
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20 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background on
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22 In order to reduce hardware cost
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24 1.2.2 Latest Progress Since 1999
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26 class of high cost fault, accoun
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28 motor speed. This technique was
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30 faults, which requires tremendou
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32 2. Existing techniques for onlin
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34 interactions among multiple fact
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36 2.2.1.1 Normal Operation Data Th
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38 charge faults for TXV RTU system
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40 3 IMPROVED SRB FDD METHOD As dep
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42 3.2 Improved SRB Approach Figure
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44 model has better performance in
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46 Fault type Table 3-1 Fault diagn
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48 3.3 Results Table 3-2 gives comp
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50 In order to extend the easily-im
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52 The characteristic of component-
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54 4.2 Results In order to validate
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56 Condenser Air Mass Flow Rate (lb
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58 Evaporator Air Mass Flow Rate (l
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60 4.2.1.4 Liquid-Line Restriction
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62 4.2.1.5 Refrigerant Leakage Deco
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64 4.2.2.1 Field Fault Simulation W
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66 4.2.2.2 Fault Detection and Diag
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68 4.2.2.5 Output of the FDD Demons
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70 simultaneous faults: refrigerant
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72 Figure 4-19 shows one frame afte
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74 charge with the fault severity o
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76 4.2.3 Results for California Fie
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78 Figure 4-25 plots the normalized
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80 Figure 4-27 Histogram bar plot o
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82 Figure 4-30 Histogram bar plot o
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84 Faults Refrigerant Charge Liquid
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86 perform emergency service when a
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88 5.2.1 Utility Cost Savings (UCS)
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90 where β is a degradation factor
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92 2. The savings are greatest for
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94 performance is realized. Accordi
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96 1. Planned preventive maintenanc
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98 Table 5-6 Equipment Lifetime Ope
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100 6 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS F
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102 5. Conduct more field tests und
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104 Breuker, M.S., 1997a. Evaluatio
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106 Isermann, R. 1984. Process Faul