Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Rooftop Air Conditioners

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71 FDDRW), FDDRW recommended that: the system requires more refrigerant, the filter/drier requires replacement and the compressor requires service. Figure 2-17 Outputs of the FDD demonstration after removal of condenser fouling fault Figure 2-18 shows one frame after the liquid line restriction fault was removed by opening the liquid line restriction valve (step 6 of section 2.2.1). The final restriction valve position can be seen from FFSW (refer to Figure 2-15 for the fully closing position). FDDW indicates that there existed two simultaneous faults: refrigerant low charge with the fault severity over 0.35 and compressor leakage fault with the fault severity around 0.8. Since COP was degraded 20% at this moment (see SPSDW and FDDRW), FDDRW 71
72 recommended that: the system requires more refrigerant and the compressor requires service. Figure 2-18 Outputs of the FDD demonstration after removal of liquid line restriction fault Figure 2-19 shows one frame after the compressor leakage fault was removed by closing the discharge line bypass valve (step 7 of section 2.2.1), which was restored to step 1 of section 2.2.1. FDDW indicates that there existed one fault, refrigerant low charge with the fault severity over 0.45. Since the overall performance degradation was less than 20% at this moment (see SPSDW and FDDRW), no service is recommended. 72
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CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION Final
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Acknowledgements Jim Braun and Haor
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Abstract Project 2.1, Fault Detecti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LI
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LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 - Field Test
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The report “Description of Labora
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mounted heat pumps for heating and
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The retail stores are in Southern C
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Figure 1 - Field Test Sites Data Co
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Gibson School (Cont’d) Woodland S
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Table 1 - Data List for Modular Sch
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BUILDING TYPE: Modular School Rooms
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HEATING / AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMEN
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Sacramento Area McDonalds PlayPlace
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Bradshaw Road (Sacramento Area) McD
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TEST INSTRUMENTATION: Tables 2 and
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Table 2 - Data List for Inland Rest
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Castro Valley (San Francisco Bay Ar
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Castro Valley McDonalds PlayPlace P
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more or less custom design, publish
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BUILDING TYPE: Retail Store ADDRESS
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TEST INSTRUMENTATION: Similar test
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• Temperature and humidity levels
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November 2001 - December/January 20
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction..
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1. Introduction All the thermodynam
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Table 1.1 Comparisons of Three Mode
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solution procedure involves the non
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independent of the moisture content
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function, f ( X , y) , if it can be
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Figure 2.1 Neural-Network Implement
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prototype was developed by using th
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3. Comparison of black-box modeling
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which is more accurate than the exp
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Similar to GRNN, RBF has very good
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Table 3.2 RMS error (Polynomial,GRN
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Table 3.4 Contrast of Black-box mod
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Polynomial plus GRNN Training Desir
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interpolation(poly+GRNN) extrapolat
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used to build the steady-state mode
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α , ρ, τ I t t s h o A t a Figur
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Temperature (F) 82 79 76 73 Condens
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0.050 0.045 Pressure = 101.3 [kPa]
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T T − T − T W = W −W −W m =
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Figure 4.8 Output of three steady-s
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will be calculated to represent the
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180 175 RMS error = 0.3984 (F) Pred
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180 175 RMS error =1.1472 (F) Predi
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51 50 RMS error=0.3860 (F) Predicte
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4.4 California field site results S
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105 100 RMS error =0.5982 (F) Predi
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Since air conditioners always cycle
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6. Conclusions and future work So f
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Lee, W., House, J.M. and Shin, D.R.
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction...
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AHU α β 2 d i EER ∆ ∆ η v T
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$ !! !! )
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Paper statistics in HVAC FDD Number
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011>" - , ?" 8?"
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+ : 6336" ,
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+ :: !!- :: !!
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6 24 122 7) 6 3++, ) . !! /011
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)
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336 F / s $ S
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N $ V v1
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Figure 3-4 2-dimensional residual d
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10 5 Normal and current operation p
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7 N Ω f N N Ω = Ω X ,
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0 + α 6 d χ ( )
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Normal operation region Residual-2
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Table 3-2 Refrigerant Leak at 20% l
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ratio dist = P F 1 P F 1 2 1 9.0
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$ , " - (
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)(( 0( 04 ) 6330" /
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Table 4-2 Polynomial plus GRNN mode
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4.2 m r,predict (kg/min) 4 3.8 3.6
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6 1)( ( ( 6 1)( ) , ( )
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- )
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? "J> *"J060 #"J083 *$"J670 #"J08<
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Table 4-17 Detected (normal, fault)
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c=1 c=10 c=20 1 0.8 Distance ratio
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$ /) $ 0111" .. !!
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Chen, Bin and Braun, J.E, 2000. Sim
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Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and R
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1.T amb 2.T ra 3.RH ra Plant Prepro
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F) $
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+: + $ 5
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.44(' * 5 09( ( 0( F N ( M , Σ)
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Load 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3 4 Fault
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Load 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3 4 Fault
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3 4 0 0 0 0 0.4173 0 0.0010 0 0.000
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.44(' $ () ) ) - $
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∆P Restrictio n Level=100%* ∆P
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2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTEN
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4 A1.2.3 Valve Position Expression
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6 Figure 2-10 Decoupling refrigeran
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8 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Fault di
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10 N = Number of generated sample p
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12 with a fixed-orifice as the expa
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14 (residuals) should have a zero m
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16 expected distribution of the res
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18 operation. Another advantage is
Page 211 and 212: 20 1.1.2.1 Original SRB Fault Diagn
Page 213 and 214: 22 Corresponding to the SRB fault d
Page 215 and 216: 24 integration of the probability d
Page 217 and 218: 26 1. Simplifies fault detection fr
Page 219 and 220: 28 Step i Do FDD on fault i . After
Page 221 and 222: 30 ROOFTOP UNIT FAULTS COMPONENT-LE
Page 223 and 224: 32 has two possible causes: refrige
Page 225 and 226: 34 1.2.3 Decoupling of Component Fa
Page 227 and 228: 36 1.2.3.2 Condenser-Related Faults
Page 229 and 230: 38 mixture, χ ref is known as the
Page 231 and 232: 40 Table 1-3 also lists the refrige
Page 233 and 234: 42 Refrigerant Property T cond, pre
Page 235 and 236: 44 as an independent feature only f
Page 237 and 238: 46 evaporator air flow rate reducti
Page 239 and 240: 48 5. 2 Pll ∆ deviates drasticall
Page 241 and 242: 50 System-Level Faults RefUnder Ref
Page 243 and 244: 52 1.2.5 Summary of Decoupling Sche
Page 245 and 246: 54 noise, system disturbances and m
Page 247 and 248: 56 compressor data. When there is a
Page 249 and 250: 58 Figure 2-5 Decoupling evaporator
Page 251 and 252: 60 Total Pressure Drop of Liquid- L
Page 253 and 254: 62 Figure 2-11 Illustration of Demo
Page 255 and 256: 64 bypass the compressor. At this t
Page 257 and 258: 66 for T dis because there is no ov
Page 259 and 260: 68 Figure 2-14 Outputs of the FDD d
Page 261: 70 the system requires more refrige
Page 265 and 266: 74 Figure 2-20 Outputs of the FDD d
Page 267 and 268: 76 Figure 2-21 Histogram bar plot o
Page 273 and 274: 82 2.3.2 Summarized Results for Oth
Page 275 and 276: 84 3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
Page 277 and 278: 86 Breuker, M.S. and Braun, J. E.,
Page 279 and 280: 88 Lee, W., House, J.M. and Shin, D
Page 281 and 282: 90 APPENDIX 1 PHYSICAL MODELS OF EX
Page 283 and 284: 92 A1.1.2 Short-Tube Models Many re
Page 285 and 286: 94 m& = CA ρ P up − P ) (A1-5) (
Page 287 and 288: 96 The abrupt change of CA for the
Page 289 and 290: 98 These equations can be combined
Page 291 and 292: 100 H h T sh , max opening T sh , s
Page 293 and 294: 102 A1.2.5 Parameter Estimation Met
Page 295 and 296: 104 T (2 T sh, ratingopening , sh,m
Page 297 and 298: 106 Harms’Result Harms plotted al
Page 299 and 300: 108 Mass flow rate Local linearizat
Page 301 and 302: 110 temperature on the RTD is unifo
Page 303 and 304: 112 in cold water application, it i
Page 305 and 306: 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research tha
Page 307 and 308: 3 2.2.3 Todd Harms’ Data ........
Page 309 and 310: 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure E-1. FDD d
Page 311 and 312: 7 LIST OF TABLES Table E-1 FDD resu
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9 IA = Independence Assumption λ i
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11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Packaged air c
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13 current values of the fault indi
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15 Figure E-4 Histogram of the EER
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17 2. Operational cost savings, whi
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19 Table E-5 Conservative Lifetime
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21 constraints. Economic constraint
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23 Paper statistics in HVAC FDD 35
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25 on directional changes to identi
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27 fault levels at different operat
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29 was concluded that the method wa
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31 However, several improvements ar
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33 point sensor placement is genera
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35 2 DATA SOURCES USED FOR EVALUATI
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37 The fives types of faults are re
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39 Occupation Type Climate Location
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41 The SRB FDD method determines wh
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43 The following sections describe
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45 points rather than on a distribu
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47 current operation point P 1, P F
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49 4 A DECOUPLING-BASED FDD TECHNIQ
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51 This approach overcomes the draw
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53 ⎡ ∆T ⎢ ⎢ ∆T 2 ⎢ ∆
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55 improving the compressor model p
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57 Condenser Air Mass Flow Rate (lb
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59 Evaporator Air Mass Flow Rate (l
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61 Liquid-Line Pressure Drop (PSI)
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63 4.2.2 Purdue Field Emulation Sit
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65 1. Evacuated the system, and the
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67 normal _ value − current _ val
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69 Figure 4-16 shows one frame afte
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71 Figure 4-18 shows one frame afte
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73 valve position can be seen from
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Figure 4-22 Outputs of the FDD demo
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77 Figure 4-23 Histogram bar plot o
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83 4.2.3.2 Summarized Results for O
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85 5 ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS Since the
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87 inspection savings would be $2,0
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89 Q & Cap = W & × EER (5-2) The e
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91 4. electricity costs ( C e ). Ut
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93 Table 5-3 lists estimates of equ
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95 5.4 Smart Service Schedule Savin
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97 7. A 6-ton RTU having a cost of
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99 Location North California South
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101 5. Three case studies were inve
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103 REFERENCES Aaron, D. A., and P.
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105 Davis, Coby. 1993. Comparison o
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107 Rossi, T.M., 1995. Detection, D
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Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Rooftop Air Conditioners

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