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in alliances that will stimulate innovation. The implications for accelerating agricultural development in SSA include : • An increased focus on the interface between research and the rest of the sector requires the creation of links in ways that encourage interaction between public, private, NGO and civil society organisations. This necessitates support for facilitation of engagement and alliances between partners that create the environment for innovation. • Support to encourage institutional innovation with expertise that includes a wide knowledge of markets, agribusiness and rural finance that can compliment specialist technical expertise. • IAR4D and innovation systems approaches can support New Partnerships for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)’s Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) country processes. 8 Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Innovation approaches and interventions Investments in agricultural research and knowledge generation have been strong components in strategies to promote sustainable and equitable agricultural development in most African countries. The context for this investment has evolved over time. During the 1980s, agricultural research focused on strengthening the research supply system at both international and country levels. During the 1990s, the focus shifted to improving the links between research, education and extension together with identifying farmers’ needs for research. However, during both decades the links remained linear with research knowledge being generated for extension, which was expected to transfer new technologies to farmers. More recently the focus has changed, as it became apparent that the supply and demand for knowledge was far more complex that the linear approaches implied. It was increasingly realised that an approach involving many stakeholders was needed to speed the use of knowledge for income generation. This has come be known as an innovation systems approach. The approach embraces the totality of interactions between stakeholders required to encourage the use of research products for innovation that will benefit a wide range of actors (World Bank, 2007). Such interactions provide new opportunities for understanding how a country’s agricultural sector can better use both existing and new knowledge in designing interventions that go beyond research alone to involve the many stakeholders in partnerships that will drive development. The concept has been used in developed countries to explain patterns of economic development and more recently in the agricultural sector in developing countries. The use of innovations systems approaches are now expanding rapidly, with donors, international and regional organisations, national governments, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) increasingly seeking to promote stakeholder partnerships involving both public and private sectors in supporting agricultural development. For instance, the country-level support provided by the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) through the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), (Box 1 ) for the planning and implementation of national Agricultural Sector-Wide Programmes (ASWAps) is based on key national stakeholders from the public, private and NGO sectors agreeing a strategy and working together in its implementation. This requires a clear process for stakeholder interaction that can be seen as a ‘National Coordinating Innovation Platform’. Many donors are supporting such processes and are increasingly encouraging value-chain approaches that stimulate stakeholder participation, so that systems constraints can be identified and opportunities to work together in finding solution found. 9
Page 1 and 2: Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
Page 3 and 4: Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements 1 Forewor
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements This review examin
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) f
Page 11 and 12: • Traditional sectors including s
Page 13: • An IP comprised of partner orga
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1: A typical agricultural co
Page 19 and 20: Table 2: Elements and characteristi
Page 21 and 22: Integrated agricultural research fo
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Conceptual framework for
Page 25 and 26: Table 3: Innovation case study char
Page 27 and 28: THE CASE STUDIES Eastern Africa Sou
Page 29 and 30: Interventions and the roles of diff
Page 31 and 32: including policy, production, marke
Page 33 and 34: Achievements. The evolution of the
Page 35 and 36: value chain from producers through
Page 37 and 38: • Transport is handled by private
Page 39 and 40: major consumers of export vegetable
Page 41 and 42: • Policy: A National Horticulture
Page 43 and 44: Lessons that militate against scali
Page 45 and 46: Activities contributing to the late
Page 47 and 48: When a new Government took over in
Page 49 and 50: mini dairies in the country selling
Page 51 and 52: (BCPA), an association representing
Page 53 and 54: smallholder farmers in the Shire Va
Page 55 and 56: Malawi, overcoming market challenge
Page 57 and 58: Box 4: NASFAM structure The Nationa
Page 59 and 60: Malawi, Increasing the availability
Page 61 and 62: pre-breeders seed to be released by
Page 63 and 64: commitments. The high price of inpu
Page 65 and 66:
and improving NRM. As such, the IP
Page 67 and 68:
large-scale farmers but also for sm
Page 69 and 70:
West Africa Cameroon, production an
Page 71 and 72:
indirectly involved in the industry
Page 73 and 74:
household incomes have risen by an
Page 75 and 76:
Other key interventions provided by
Page 77 and 78:
Initial challenges. The key challen
Page 79 and 80:
environment and incentives for prod
Page 81 and 82:
Lessons learned. Successful innovat
Page 83 and 84:
(Nigeria First, 2005). PICPE brough
Page 85 and 86:
human foods, future expansion will
Page 87 and 88:
Activities have included: analysis
Page 89 and 90:
poor road access, lack of power and
Page 91 and 92:
Institutions Markets Support servic
Page 93 and 94:
Table 5: Coordinating roles at the
Page 95 and 96:
mite and the viruses that cause cas
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 6: Private sector roles Priv
Page 99 and 100:
With regards to research, there is
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 8: Consequences of stakehold
Page 103 and 104:
Before Innovation After innovation
Page 105 and 106:
cooperation, builds trust, and esta
Page 107 and 108:
laboratories as well as effective b
Page 109 and 110:
Improving access to information, kn
Page 111 and 112:
Annexes Regions, authors and case s
Page 113 and 114:
Kenya’s dairy sector Organisation
Page 115 and 116:
Kenya’s horticulture with special
Page 117 and 118:
Uganda’s dairy industry Organisat
Page 119 and 120:
Malawi, building public-private par
Page 121 and 122:
Malawi, increasing the availability
Page 123 and 124:
Zambia’s conservation agriculture
Page 125 and 126:
Cameroon’s garlic industry Organi
Page 127 and 128:
Ghana’s growing cassava sector Or
Page 129 and 130:
Nigeria’s cassava production and
Page 131 and 132:
Annex 2: The role of the public sec
Page 133 and 134:
Policy and regulatory framework Uga
Page 135 and 136:
Policy and regulatory framework Inf
Page 137 and 138:
Ghana’s growing cassava sector Pr
Page 139 and 140:
Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 141 and 142:
Southern Africa Main types of inter
Page 143 and 144:
West Africa Main types of interacti
Page 145 and 146:
Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 147 and 148:
FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultur
Page 149 and 150:
Century and Beyond. Republic of Ken
Page 151 and 152:
Acronyms and abbreviations AAK ABU
Page 153 and 154:
EARO EC ECABREN ECGPEA ECX EAPGREN
Page 155 and 156:
LGA MAAIF MAHUDE MAL MBS M&E MARD M
Page 157:
SHEPUP SHoMAP SIDA SOFECSA SPDC SPE
Page 160:
Forum for Agricultural Research in
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