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Figure 4: Coordinating bodies at the start and end of the innovation process Public sector roles Active government involvement and a commitment to agricultural growth proved central to all the case studies whether they were planned or opportunity driven, with public sector actors playing important roles, even when they did not take the lead or were not involved in the early stages. Public-sector support proved essential for: policy and regulation; infrastructure improvement research; extension and capacity development; and in some cases intervening to improve marketing and provide incentives for the private sector (Table 6 and Figure 5). The provision of key public goods, particularly government-financed agricultural research was directly responsible for triggering growth in most of the case studies reviewed. In all cases the availability of public roads and transport facilities contributed indirectly to their success or failure. In the planned initiatives, the public sector played a key role from the beginning, while in the opportunity-driven innovations, the public sector tended to play a role after the process had been initiated. Agricultural research on vegetatively propagated and staple food crops was often funded by the public sector. Other publicly funded research crops included cassava, bananas, rice and legumes. For instance, cassava, which is prized for its ability to thrive in harsh conditions, produces in poor soils even in times of drought. The crop provides a crucial source of income for hundreds of thousands of smallholder famers. As such the importance of having disease-resistant varieties is vital and – being one of the world’s most important food crops – it is essential that cassava is protected from pests and diseases in particular whitefly, green 88 Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa
mite and the viruses that cause cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases. Successful control of pests and diseases formed an integral part of publically funded research programmes. Similarly, control of contagious livestock diseases was a public sector responsibility. Although private- sector research played a role in horticulture and pineapple improvement there were few examples of private seed companies taking a coordinating role. In some cases although government may have been funding research and training activities, these were sometimes poorly integrated with the initiatives of other actors and not necessarily in support of the innovation process or sector development. Turning to policy, open trade policies were important for growth of export commodities and niche crops. These included, bananas and garlic in Cameroon, beef in Botswana, Sidama coffee in Ethiopia, horticulture in Kenya, pineapples in Ghana and cotton in Malawi. Table 6: Public sector roles in each case study Region/ country Commodity Policy and regulation Infrastructure Research Extension and training Markets Incentives for private sector Sector coordination Eastern Africa Ethiopia Coffee 1 1 1 Kenya Dairy 1 1 1 Horticulture 1 Sweet potatoes 1 1 1 1 Rwanda Climbing beans 1 1 1 1 1 Uganda Dairy 1 1 1 Southern Africa Botswana Beef cattle 1 1 1 1 1 1 Malawi Cotton 1 1 1 Groundnuts 1 1 1 Legume seed 1 1 1 1 1 CA 1 1 1 ISFM 1 1 1 Vegetables 1 1 1 Zambia CA 1 1 1 West Africa Cameroon Bananas 1 1 1 1 Garlic 1 1 1 1 Ghana Pineapples 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cassava 1 1 1 1 Niger Vegetables 1 1 1 1 Nigeria Cassava 1 1 1 1 1 Rice 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 15 8 20 20 3 2 13 Percentage of case studies 71% 38% 95% 95% 14% 10% 62% A comparative analysis of the case studies 89
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Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
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Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
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Contents Acknowledgements 1 Forewor
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Acknowledgements This review examin
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Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) f
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• Traditional sectors including s
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• An IP comprised of partner orga
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Innovation approaches and intervent
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Figure 1: A typical agricultural co
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Table 2: Elements and characteristi
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Integrated agricultural research fo
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework for
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Table 3: Innovation case study char
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THE CASE STUDIES Eastern Africa Sou
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Interventions and the roles of diff
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including policy, production, marke
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Achievements. The evolution of the
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value chain from producers through
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• Transport is handled by private
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major consumers of export vegetable
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• Policy: A National Horticulture
Page 43 and 44: Lessons that militate against scali
Page 45 and 46: Activities contributing to the late
Page 47 and 48: When a new Government took over in
Page 49 and 50: mini dairies in the country selling
Page 51 and 52: (BCPA), an association representing
Page 53 and 54: smallholder farmers in the Shire Va
Page 55 and 56: Malawi, overcoming market challenge
Page 57 and 58: Box 4: NASFAM structure The Nationa
Page 59 and 60: Malawi, Increasing the availability
Page 61 and 62: pre-breeders seed to be released by
Page 63 and 64: commitments. The high price of inpu
Page 65 and 66: and improving NRM. As such, the IP
Page 67 and 68: large-scale farmers but also for sm
Page 69 and 70: West Africa Cameroon, production an
Page 71 and 72: indirectly involved in the industry
Page 73 and 74: household incomes have risen by an
Page 75 and 76: Other key interventions provided by
Page 77 and 78: Initial challenges. The key challen
Page 79 and 80: environment and incentives for prod
Page 81 and 82: Lessons learned. Successful innovat
Page 83 and 84: (Nigeria First, 2005). PICPE brough
Page 85 and 86: human foods, future expansion will
Page 87 and 88: Activities have included: analysis
Page 89 and 90: poor road access, lack of power and
Page 91 and 92: Institutions Markets Support servic
Page 93: Table 5: Coordinating roles at the
Page 97 and 98: Figure 6: Private sector roles Priv
Page 99 and 100: With regards to research, there is
Page 101 and 102: Figure 8: Consequences of stakehold
Page 103 and 104: Before Innovation After innovation
Page 105 and 106: cooperation, builds trust, and esta
Page 107 and 108: laboratories as well as effective b
Page 109 and 110: Improving access to information, kn
Page 111 and 112: Annexes Regions, authors and case s
Page 113 and 114: Kenya’s dairy sector Organisation
Page 115 and 116: Kenya’s horticulture with special
Page 117 and 118: Uganda’s dairy industry Organisat
Page 119 and 120: Malawi, building public-private par
Page 121 and 122: Malawi, increasing the availability
Page 123 and 124: Zambia’s conservation agriculture
Page 125 and 126: Cameroon’s garlic industry Organi
Page 127 and 128: Ghana’s growing cassava sector Or
Page 129 and 130: Nigeria’s cassava production and
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: The role of the public sec
Page 133 and 134: Policy and regulatory framework Uga
Page 135 and 136: Policy and regulatory framework Inf
Page 137 and 138: Ghana’s growing cassava sector Pr
Page 139 and 140: Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 141 and 142: Southern Africa Main types of inter
Page 143 and 144: West Africa Main types of interacti
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Main types of interaction Consequen
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FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultur
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Century and Beyond. Republic of Ken
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Acronyms and abbreviations AAK ABU
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EARO EC ECABREN ECGPEA ECX EAPGREN
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LGA MAAIF MAHUDE MAL MBS M&E MARD M
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SHEPUP SHoMAP SIDA SOFECSA SPDC SPE
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Forum for Agricultural Research in
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