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Box 1: CAADP/FARA-related research reforms in Africa The African Union–New Partnerships for Africa’s Development (AU–NEPAD)’s CAADP operates through four ‘Pillars’, 1. Land water management, 2. Market access, 3. Food supply and hunger and, 4. Agricultural research and its uptake. FARA is mandated to deliver Pillar 4 through supporting member organisations in Africa. Since 2006 FARA and two sub-regional organisations, Conseil ouest et centre Africain pour la recherche et le développement agricoles/West and Central African Council for Research and Development (CORAF/WECARD) in West Africa and Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) in Eastern Africa have made important strides with a process of integrated reform of the way research is done. These have centred on the introduction of an impactand client-oriented ‘business unusual’ that addresses weaknesses in African agricultural research to target the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This includes: • Reform of technological research to be more demand-led and appropriate • Enhancement of policy and institutional research • Strengthening of capacity in the sub-regions • Meeting demand for information. FARA has the responsibility of running the SSA Challenge Programme that is built around the IAR4D paradigm within a broad innovation systems context. Source: NEPAD–CAADP, 2011 FARA has been a key player in developing and promoting Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D), which uses an innovations systems approach in bringing partners together within Innovation Platforms (IPs), a concept that was also developed by FARA. For example, FARA’s Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Programme with Pilot Learning Sites (SSA CP PLS) in Nigeria’s Kano and Katsina States and Niger’s Maradi Province (KKM), around Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda, and in Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique (ZMM) are playing an important role in this process (FARA, 2009). In addition the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID)-funded Research-Into-Use (RIU) programme that covers a number of African and Asian countries is based on encouraging an innovations systems approach. There are many other instances where stakeholders have worked successfully together before the concept of innovation systems approaches was promulgated. This review documents the experiences of 21 case studies in SSA, to identify the reasons for their success and the lessons to be learned from these initiatives Innovation systems approaches are often based on improvements in a commodity value chain (Figure 1), in which knowledge and/or research products, together with purchased and farm- or household- provided inputs are used in natural resource based production systems, marketed and processed for sale and consumed. Inevitably such a supply chain involves many actors from producer to consumer. Any value-chain approach requires identification of the actors involved in all stages along the chain, followed by a systematic analysis to identify constraints and opportunities thus ensuring a fair reward for all, particularly producers, who are often major target beneficiaries. Innovation can be shaped in different ways, depending on the initial context, whether the key actors are from public or private sectors and whether they operate at international, regional, national, district, local government or community levels (Table 1). 10 Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Figure 1: A typical agricultural commodity value chain Table 1: Typical public and private sector actors involved in innovation Pivotal actors driving innovation Level Private sector Public/NGO sector Commercial sector Farmer representatives International and Regional Donors CGIAR research centres International input and output marketing companies FAO, SROs, NGOs National 1 MoA (Research, Extension) NGOs Input supply companies Wholesalers Farmer unions National farmer associations Processors Supermarkets, hotels Representative associations District or Local District/ Local Government councils Agri-dealers Transporters Farmer associations or cooperatives Government District Agricultural Officers Traders (DAOs) Processors Local research Schools, hospitals NGOs/projects 2 Community DAO Extension staff Farmer groups or clubs Individual farming households 1. National actors are often linked to regional or international initiatives 2. Donors and NGOs often support either or both public or private sectors Innovation approaches and interventions 11
Page 1 and 2: Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
Page 3 and 4: Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements 1 Forewor
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements This review examin
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) f
Page 11 and 12: • Traditional sectors including s
Page 13 and 14: • An IP comprised of partner orga
Page 15: Innovation approaches and intervent
Page 19 and 20: Table 2: Elements and characteristi
Page 21 and 22: Integrated agricultural research fo
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2: Conceptual framework for
Page 25 and 26: Table 3: Innovation case study char
Page 27 and 28: THE CASE STUDIES Eastern Africa Sou
Page 29 and 30: Interventions and the roles of diff
Page 31 and 32: including policy, production, marke
Page 33 and 34: Achievements. The evolution of the
Page 35 and 36: value chain from producers through
Page 37 and 38: • Transport is handled by private
Page 39 and 40: major consumers of export vegetable
Page 41 and 42: • Policy: A National Horticulture
Page 43 and 44: Lessons that militate against scali
Page 45 and 46: Activities contributing to the late
Page 47 and 48: When a new Government took over in
Page 49 and 50: mini dairies in the country selling
Page 51 and 52: (BCPA), an association representing
Page 53 and 54: smallholder farmers in the Shire Va
Page 55 and 56: Malawi, overcoming market challenge
Page 57 and 58: Box 4: NASFAM structure The Nationa
Page 59 and 60: Malawi, Increasing the availability
Page 61 and 62: pre-breeders seed to be released by
Page 63 and 64: commitments. The high price of inpu
Page 65 and 66: and improving NRM. As such, the IP
Page 67 and 68:
large-scale farmers but also for sm
Page 69 and 70:
West Africa Cameroon, production an
Page 71 and 72:
indirectly involved in the industry
Page 73 and 74:
household incomes have risen by an
Page 75 and 76:
Other key interventions provided by
Page 77 and 78:
Initial challenges. The key challen
Page 79 and 80:
environment and incentives for prod
Page 81 and 82:
Lessons learned. Successful innovat
Page 83 and 84:
(Nigeria First, 2005). PICPE brough
Page 85 and 86:
human foods, future expansion will
Page 87 and 88:
Activities have included: analysis
Page 89 and 90:
poor road access, lack of power and
Page 91 and 92:
Institutions Markets Support servic
Page 93 and 94:
Table 5: Coordinating roles at the
Page 95 and 96:
mite and the viruses that cause cas
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 6: Private sector roles Priv
Page 99 and 100:
With regards to research, there is
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 8: Consequences of stakehold
Page 103 and 104:
Before Innovation After innovation
Page 105 and 106:
cooperation, builds trust, and esta
Page 107 and 108:
laboratories as well as effective b
Page 109 and 110:
Improving access to information, kn
Page 111 and 112:
Annexes Regions, authors and case s
Page 113 and 114:
Kenya’s dairy sector Organisation
Page 115 and 116:
Kenya’s horticulture with special
Page 117 and 118:
Uganda’s dairy industry Organisat
Page 119 and 120:
Malawi, building public-private par
Page 121 and 122:
Malawi, increasing the availability
Page 123 and 124:
Zambia’s conservation agriculture
Page 125 and 126:
Cameroon’s garlic industry Organi
Page 127 and 128:
Ghana’s growing cassava sector Or
Page 129 and 130:
Nigeria’s cassava production and
Page 131 and 132:
Annex 2: The role of the public sec
Page 133 and 134:
Policy and regulatory framework Uga
Page 135 and 136:
Policy and regulatory framework Inf
Page 137 and 138:
Ghana’s growing cassava sector Pr
Page 139 and 140:
Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 141 and 142:
Southern Africa Main types of inter
Page 143 and 144:
West Africa Main types of interacti
Page 145 and 146:
Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 147 and 148:
FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultur
Page 149 and 150:
Century and Beyond. Republic of Ken
Page 151 and 152:
Acronyms and abbreviations AAK ABU
Page 153 and 154:
EARO EC ECABREN ECGPEA ECX EAPGREN
Page 155 and 156:
LGA MAAIF MAHUDE MAL MBS M&E MARD M
Page 157:
SHEPUP SHoMAP SIDA SOFECSA SPDC SPE
Page 160:
Forum for Agricultural Research in
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