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Table 7: Private sector roles in each case study Primary production Input supply Transport Region country Commodity Eastern Africa Ethiopia Coffee 1 1 1 1 1 1 Kenya Dairy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Horticulture 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sweet potatoes 1 1 1 Rwanda Climbing beans 1 1 1 Uganda Dairy 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Southern Africa Botswana Beef cattle 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Malawi Cotton 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Groundnuts 1 1 1 1 1 1 Legume seed 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CA 1 1 1 1 ISFM 1 1 1 1 1 Vegetables 1 1 1 Zambia CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 West Africa Cameroon Bananas 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Garlic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ghana Pineapples 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cassava 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Niger Vegetables 1 1 1 1 Nigeria Cassava 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rice 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total 4 21 21 18 17 5 7 19 10 13 11 Percentage of case studies 19% 100% 100% 86% 81% 24% 33% 90% 48% 62% 52% Marketing Processing Research Credit Capacity building Export Advocacy/lobbying Sector associations synchronised as in Kenya’s dairy industry. As soon as the market was liberalised, smallholder milk producers’ sales to urban raw milk markets increased significantly. Likewise farmers responded when both input and output markets were readily available at prices that ensured reasonable profits, examples being beef cattle in Botswana, Sidama coffee in Ethiopia, cassava in Ghana and Nigeria and horticulture in Kenya. Varietal change was often easier to effect than other agronomic changes. For instance, CA requires significant change in existing management practices, including new crop rotations and long-term land management. This requires greater focus on extension support than new varieties, which can raise productivity without significantly changing management practices. 92 Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa
With regards to research, there is increasing evidence of farmers’ innovative capabilities, with on-farm participatory research playing a key role in linking not only farmers and researchers but also providing a focal point for involvement of other stakeholders in the identification of constraints, seeking alternative solutions, and the design and evaluation of research results. This is typified in the case studies on the FARA-supported SSA CP PLS in Malawi, Nigeria, Niger and Rwanda IPs. NGO roles NGOs have played different roles, sometimes serving as coordinating bodies in promoting better interaction between public and private organisations, and sometimes in assisting farmer organisations to create self-help groups. However, their major role was in supporting the development of networks of farmers and in scaling up the use of technologies and marketing practices to other farmers outside the immediate target area of the innovation process. Financial organisation roles Financing organisations did not feature strongly in most of the case studies, since they regard credit for smallholder producers as high-risk, compounded by a history of poor credit repayments. However, a number of rural financing institutions were increasingly enthusiastic about lending to small groups of farmers. By far the most important sources of credit were processing companies to contract growers and input supply companies to agri-dealers. International stakeholders International research organisations, international NGOs and international companies (often supported by donors) played a key role in catalysing coordination between stakeholders. This included: funding sector and value-chain studies to identify constraints and opportunities; funding stakeholder meetings and workshops; together with providing the initial foundation for either remedial action or new innovations. Types and consequences of interaction The case studies provide examples of many stakeholder interactions public–private and private–private and as well as those occurring at regional and international levels. The issues addressed in these broad categories of stakeholder interactions are summarised in Figure 7 and detailed in Annex 3. The most important issues addressed in public–private interactions were the building of partnerships, capacity building and planning, monitoring, and assessing activities. Private– private interaction was essential in building farmer organisations and in arranging sales and contract details. Regional and international interactions helped to develop networking arrangements, trade and health issues including FairTrade and organic product registration. The consequences of these interactions resulted in policy and institutional, economic, support service, and production outcomes (Figure 8). Within policy and institutional outcomes, improved interaction between stakeholders, improved cooperation and trust and the formation A comparative analysis of the case studies 93
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Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
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Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saha
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Contents Acknowledgements 1 Forewor
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Acknowledgements This review examin
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Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) f
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• Traditional sectors including s
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• An IP comprised of partner orga
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Innovation approaches and intervent
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Figure 1: A typical agricultural co
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Table 2: Elements and characteristi
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Integrated agricultural research fo
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Figure 2: Conceptual framework for
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Table 3: Innovation case study char
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THE CASE STUDIES Eastern Africa Sou
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Interventions and the roles of diff
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including policy, production, marke
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Achievements. The evolution of the
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value chain from producers through
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• Transport is handled by private
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major consumers of export vegetable
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• Policy: A National Horticulture
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Lessons that militate against scali
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Activities contributing to the late
Page 47 and 48: When a new Government took over in
Page 49 and 50: mini dairies in the country selling
Page 51 and 52: (BCPA), an association representing
Page 53 and 54: smallholder farmers in the Shire Va
Page 55 and 56: Malawi, overcoming market challenge
Page 57 and 58: Box 4: NASFAM structure The Nationa
Page 59 and 60: Malawi, Increasing the availability
Page 61 and 62: pre-breeders seed to be released by
Page 63 and 64: commitments. The high price of inpu
Page 65 and 66: and improving NRM. As such, the IP
Page 67 and 68: large-scale farmers but also for sm
Page 69 and 70: West Africa Cameroon, production an
Page 71 and 72: indirectly involved in the industry
Page 73 and 74: household incomes have risen by an
Page 75 and 76: Other key interventions provided by
Page 77 and 78: Initial challenges. The key challen
Page 79 and 80: environment and incentives for prod
Page 81 and 82: Lessons learned. Successful innovat
Page 83 and 84: (Nigeria First, 2005). PICPE brough
Page 85 and 86: human foods, future expansion will
Page 87 and 88: Activities have included: analysis
Page 89 and 90: poor road access, lack of power and
Page 91 and 92: Institutions Markets Support servic
Page 93 and 94: Table 5: Coordinating roles at the
Page 95 and 96: mite and the viruses that cause cas
Page 97: Figure 6: Private sector roles Priv
Page 101 and 102: Figure 8: Consequences of stakehold
Page 103 and 104: Before Innovation After innovation
Page 105 and 106: cooperation, builds trust, and esta
Page 107 and 108: laboratories as well as effective b
Page 109 and 110: Improving access to information, kn
Page 111 and 112: Annexes Regions, authors and case s
Page 113 and 114: Kenya’s dairy sector Organisation
Page 115 and 116: Kenya’s horticulture with special
Page 117 and 118: Uganda’s dairy industry Organisat
Page 119 and 120: Malawi, building public-private par
Page 121 and 122: Malawi, increasing the availability
Page 123 and 124: Zambia’s conservation agriculture
Page 125 and 126: Cameroon’s garlic industry Organi
Page 127 and 128: Ghana’s growing cassava sector Or
Page 129 and 130: Nigeria’s cassava production and
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: The role of the public sec
Page 133 and 134: Policy and regulatory framework Uga
Page 135 and 136: Policy and regulatory framework Inf
Page 137 and 138: Ghana’s growing cassava sector Pr
Page 139 and 140: Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 141 and 142: Southern Africa Main types of inter
Page 143 and 144: West Africa Main types of interacti
Page 145 and 146: Main types of interaction Consequen
Page 147 and 148: FAOSTAT. (2010) Food and Agricultur
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Century and Beyond. Republic of Ken
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Acronyms and abbreviations AAK ABU
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EARO EC ECABREN ECGPEA ECX EAPGREN
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LGA MAAIF MAHUDE MAL MBS M&E MARD M
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SHEPUP SHoMAP SIDA SOFECSA SPDC SPE
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Forum for Agricultural Research in
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