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New Concept Weapons ................................................................................. 238 Russian Nontraditional Practices ................................................................ 240 IW and Information-Psychological Operations ......................................... 241 Reflexive Control: an Information Weapon Subset................................... 244 From the X-Files ........................................................................................... 245 CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEXIVE CONTROL THEORY AND THE MILITARY................................................................................. 247 Introduction................................................................................................... 247 Nature of Reflexive Control ......................................................................... 248 The Military Experts Speak: Ionov, Leonenko, Komov, Chausov........... 253 US Interpretation of Russia’s RC Theory .................................................. 260 Recent Examples of RC ................................................................................ 262 Final Thoughts on RC .................................................................................. 264 PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIXES ............................... 266 CHAPTER FIFTEEN: CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 268 Terminology, Unintended Consequences, and Other Issues..................... 268 Military, Academic, and Law Enforcement Use of IO .............................. 286 APPENDIX ONE: IW ARTICLES BY THE AUTHOR........................... 290 APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY’S WORD GAME 293 APPENDIX THREE: THE COMPUTER: CYBERCRIMINAL OR CYBERCOP? ................................................................................................ 302 4
FOREWORD This book explores the impact of the Cyber Age on military thinking and operations worldwide. Four issues are examined: the contrast between the concept of “cyber operations” used by civilians, including criminals and terrorists, and the concept of “information operations” used by armed forces; the differences in information operations (IO) theory among the US, Russian, and Chinese militaries; the manner in which militaries use information operations in peace and in war; and the impact of cyber and information processes on the mind, the military machine, and their interface. Of special interest are the challenges that the author presents to American IO experts regarding their terminology and methodology. He clearly believes that IO terminology is inadequate as it stands and that its “core capabilities and supporting elements” need to be reevaluated. Mr. Thomas has been studying foreign IO for nearly ten years so he has an interesting perspective to offer. He has IO templates from other countries against which to make his comparison, a perspective possessed by very few Americans. Further, the author has recognized how cyber processes have allowed criminals and insurgents/terrorists to practice guerilla warfare tactics and illegal or extremist activities online. He contends that the subjective nature of war has changed again and now has a social context unlike any other time in history. The military reader and security specialist should enjoy this perspective about the impact of cyber and information processes on our lives. They will especially enjoy the discussion of the tension between the two perspectives at the start of the twenty-first century. This work will lead to a better understanding of the complexity of our digitized lives, will offer new ideas for US armed forces to consider, and will help analysts identify potential danger zones. Jacob W. Kipp Director, Foreign Military Studies Office September 2005 5
Page 2: Cover: The cover highlights four st
Page 6 and 7: DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 11: IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION This book examines the
Page 17 and 18: cultural awareness, psychological o
Page 19 and 20: PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
Page 23 and 24: Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
Page 25 and 26: screening methods were used to chec
Page 27 and 28: more than 194 million in China. But
Page 29 and 30: as armies do on the battlefield to
Page 31 and 32: date, military opponents have been
Page 33 and 34: usurp adversarial human and automat
Page 35 and 36: However, just as cyber activities h
Page 37 and 38: ought Keyhole and now offers free a
Page 39 and 40: The important point to underscore i
Page 41 and 42: that may or may not result in blood
Page 43 and 44: web allows an uncensored and unfilt
Page 45 and 46: The Internet can help a poorly fund
Page 47 and 48: audiences, while one set to use Ara
Page 49 and 50: of icons can change as well. Messag
Page 51 and 52: The Internet takes advantage of leg
Page 53 and 54: without physically meeting their fo
Page 55 and 56: conflict. It is a protracted politi
Page 57 and 58: Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
Page 59 and 60: It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
Page 61 and 62: With no filter or censor, the Inter
Page 63 and 64:
was killed as a result. Public opin
Page 65 and 66:
material is visual as well as writt
Page 67 and 68:
PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
Page 69 and 70:
CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
Page 71 and 72:
Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
Page 73 and 74:
war.” 118 If the definition of wa
Page 75 and 76:
of near total “information superi
Page 77 and 78:
across broad geographical areas. Ho
Page 79 and 80:
mind, whether electronic, laser, or
Page 81 and 82:
necessarily mean that other nations
Page 83 and 84:
views network-centric operations in
Page 85 and 86:
making while protecting our own.”
Page 87 and 88:
telecommunication assets; and they
Page 89 and 90:
eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
Page 91 and 92:
Mianheng, by the way, was reported
Page 93 and 94:
China’s networks according to som
Page 95 and 96:
• Form a psychological-warfare me
Page 97 and 98:
CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
Page 99 and 100:
military deception, and physical de
Page 101 and 102:
transformation is to emphasize both
Page 103 and 104:
Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
Page 105 and 106:
latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
Page 107 and 108:
authors appeared to be describing w
Page 109 and 110:
• Overestimates man’s capacity
Page 111 and 112:
Cultures eventually produce metapho
Page 113 and 114:
PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
Page 115 and 116:
CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
Page 117 and 118:
The most important part of this def
Page 119 and 120:
warplanes were very capable of prec
Page 121 and 122:
advantage of contemporary technolog
Page 123 and 124:
• Communicate commitments to take
Page 125 and 126:
9. Crises can demonstrate the power
Page 127 and 128:
whether they realize it or not, thr
Page 129 and 130:
since many can help slow or prevent
Page 131 and 132:
Superimposing these three ideas on
Page 133 and 134:
5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
Page 135 and 136:
How nations learn to manage or leve
Page 137 and 138:
There are various scenarios through
Page 139 and 140:
There remains an entire series of q
Page 141 and 142:
CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
Page 143 and 144:
information while exploiting or den
Page 145 and 146:
can a real assessment of accuracy b
Page 147 and 148:
agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
Page 149 and 150:
In September, a Pentagon review of
Page 151 and 152:
damning comment could prove to be f
Page 153 and 154:
of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
Page 157 and 158:
It also will be interesting to watc
Page 159 and 160:
press and police headquarters, and
Page 161 and 162:
CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
Page 163 and 164:
Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
Page 167 and 168:
other hard-to-find structures. Know
Page 169 and 170:
Policekeepers would benefit greatly
Page 171 and 172:
IT also offers systems that create
Page 173 and 174:
• Developing an information block
Page 175 and 176:
human-based, data-processor compone
Page 177 and 178:
software by using special programmi
Page 179 and 180:
international and state control ove
Page 181 and 182:
a real disadvantage since its radar
Page 183 and 184:
forces. Their system’s ability to
Page 185 and 186:
and digital ortho-photomaps that we
Page 187 and 188:
One of the earliest definitions of
Page 189 and 190:
value of destroying targets with pr
Page 191 and 192:
The Use of Information-Psychologica
Page 193 and 194:
off a Russian prisoner. This film w
Page 195 and 196:
Russian infospace created to manipu
Page 197 and 198:
The Chechens were easily able to pr
Page 199 and 200:
One of the amino.com sites, for exa
Page 201 and 202:
Another site available is daimohk.o
Page 203 and 204:
How long the government’s picture
Page 205 and 206:
negating similar actions by Chechny
Page 207 and 208:
Russian armed forces cannot stall m
Page 209 and 210:
PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
Page 211 and 212:
initiated by the US. In this sense
Page 213 and 214:
Within this digitized context a sho
Page 215 and 216:
emained maddeningly undefinable, so
Page 217 and 218:
Another problem of the human dimens
Page 219 and 220:
worldwide may enter their own cultu
Page 221 and 222:
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
Page 223 and 224:
as a weapon for conducting psycholo
Page 225 and 226:
Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
Page 227 and 228:
companies try to persuade or manipu
Page 229 and 230:
These devices are associated with t
Page 231 and 232:
the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
Page 233 and 234:
down the bodily functions of more t
Page 235 and 236:
TV reporting to avert a panic while
Page 237 and 238:
229
Page 239 and 240:
wealth of outstanding mathematician
Page 241 and 242:
switching on air defense radars, or
Page 243 and 244:
Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
Page 245 and 246:
Today, simulation, stealth, and var
Page 247 and 248:
impact of what they term “new-con
Page 249 and 250:
Thus, an information weapon could b
Page 251 and 252:
operations on a strategic scale. Th
Page 253 and 254:
opponent to “see through” an RC
Page 255 and 256:
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
Page 257 and 258:
The Soviet and Russian armed forces
Page 259 and 260:
method or technology of obtaining,
Page 261 and 262:
possible to influence his combat pl
Page 263 and 264:
maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
Page 265 and 266:
Computer technology increases the e
Page 267 and 268:
econsider the wisdom of his decisio
Page 269 and 270:
(5) transfer of an image of one’s
Page 271 and 272:
might try to overpower them. 483 Th
Page 273 and 274:
control against a state, and inform
Page 275 and 276:
PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
Page 277 and 278:
oadband migration. These are the de
Page 279 and 280:
technical developments that are pro
Page 281 and 282:
software 491 for peacekeeping utili
Page 283 and 284:
attack against Arab and Muslim righ
Page 285 and 286:
Structurally the brigade has three
Page 287 and 288:
War. 507 Thus the situational setti
Page 289 and 290:
enabling network-centric operations
Page 291 and 292:
While it is good to have people wit
Page 293 and 294:
fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
Page 295 and 296:
C4ISR technology to ensure that the
Page 297 and 298:
289
Page 299 and 300:
1999 “Information Technology: US/
Page 301 and 302:
APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
Page 303 and 304:
The term apparently assumes whateve
Page 305 and 306:
something new, he reminds us, notin
Page 307 and 308:
intelligence capability. In the cit
Page 309 and 310:
“singing in the rain,” then dec
Page 311 and 312:
the attack. Law enforcement agencie
Page 313 and 314:
Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
Page 315 and 316:
computers. The process can be made
Page 317 and 318:
them. This device is composed of a
Page 319 and 320:
technology to investigate and estab
Page 321 and 322:
e stored and/or through which data
Page 323 and 324:
2. European Union - This is an orga
Page 325 and 326:
enforcement as another avenue for p
Page 327 and 328:
transferred to a physical medium su
Page 329 and 330:
sectors as bad. A person wanting to
Page 331 and 332:
• Compressing/Decompressing Files
Page 333 and 334:
contain evidence are mail servers,
Page 335 and 336:
FBI created a partnership program w
Page 337 and 338:
• Subpoenas - These must be obtai
Page 339 and 340:
search warrants for email, and dete
Page 341 and 342:
originating from country X, law enf
Page 343 and 344:
system is globally distributed and
Page 345:
About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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