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findings in great detail to Western intelligence organs. In addition, the Soviets knew that members of the Western military-industrial complex also studied the parades closely. However, the deception did not end here. The Soviets also prepared other disinformation measures so that when Western intelligence services began to investigate the fake ICBMs, they would find collateral proof of their existence and would be led further astray. Ultimately, the aim was to prompt foreign scientists, who desired to copy the advanced technology, down a deadend street, thereby wasting precious time and money. 485 Final Thoughts on RC Russian civilian and military theorists will undoubtedly continue to study the problem of reflexive control and the associated tools of manipulation and deception. For example, the Russian Academy of Science’s Institute of Psychology has a Psychology of Reflexive Processes Laboratory that studies elements and applications of the “reflex” in considerable detail. It is studying not only ways to use the concept, but ways to keep the concept under control through international discussions and awareness. The Institute is playing a very positive role in that regard that should not be overlooked. In the Information Age, however, military analysts will continue to use the concept to manipulate an adversary on the field of battle. The most complex and dangerous application of reflexive control will remain its employment to affect a state’s decision-making process by use of carefully tailored information or disinformation. A detailed information security doctrine is one of the most important deterrents or defenses against an enemy’s use of reflexive control or similar processes against Russia, according to many Russian scientists. Russia’s September 2000 Information Security Doctrine is a step in this direction. According to Turko and Prokhozhev, information security means the degree to which a state is protected against both deliberate and unintentional actions that can lead to the disruption in the functioning of state and military command-andcontrol. The most significant of those threatening actions is disinformation that seeks to exert a goal-oriented effect on public opinion or on decision-makers for the purposes of reflexive control. 486 The dialectical interaction of reflexive 485 Aleksei Baranov, “Parade of Fakes,” Moskovskii komsomolets [Moscow Komsomol], 8 May 1999, p. 6 as translated and entered on the FBIS website, 11 May 1999. 486 Prokhozhev and Turko, p. 259. 264
control against a state, and information security countermeasures within a state, will inevitably have a significant geo-political impact on that state as well. Thus RC theory will remain a most important area of study for the immediate and long-term future for Russian and other international groups alike. 265
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
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• Overestimates man’s capacity
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Cultures eventually produce metapho
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PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
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CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
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The most important part of this def
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warplanes were very capable of prec
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advantage of contemporary technolog
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• Communicate commitments to take
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9. Crises can demonstrate the power
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whether they realize it or not, thr
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since many can help slow or prevent
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Superimposing these three ideas on
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5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
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How nations learn to manage or leve
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There are various scenarios through
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There remains an entire series of q
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CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
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information while exploiting or den
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can a real assessment of accuracy b
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agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
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In September, a Pentagon review of
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damning comment could prove to be f
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of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
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It also will be interesting to watc
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press and police headquarters, and
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CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
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Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
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other hard-to-find structures. Know
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Policekeepers would benefit greatly
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IT also offers systems that create
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• Developing an information block
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human-based, data-processor compone
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software by using special programmi
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international and state control ove
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a real disadvantage since its radar
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forces. Their system’s ability to
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and digital ortho-photomaps that we
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One of the earliest definitions of
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value of destroying targets with pr
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The Use of Information-Psychologica
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off a Russian prisoner. This film w
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Russian infospace created to manipu
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The Chechens were easily able to pr
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One of the amino.com sites, for exa
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Another site available is daimohk.o
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How long the government’s picture
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negating similar actions by Chechny
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Russian armed forces cannot stall m
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PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
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initiated by the US. In this sense
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Within this digitized context a sho
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emained maddeningly undefinable, so
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Another problem of the human dimens
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worldwide may enter their own cultu
Page 221 and 222: CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
Page 223 and 224: as a weapon for conducting psycholo
Page 225 and 226: Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
Page 227 and 228: companies try to persuade or manipu
Page 229 and 230: These devices are associated with t
Page 231 and 232: the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
Page 233 and 234: down the bodily functions of more t
Page 235 and 236: TV reporting to avert a panic while
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Page 239 and 240: wealth of outstanding mathematician
Page 241 and 242: switching on air defense radars, or
Page 243 and 244: Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
Page 245 and 246: Today, simulation, stealth, and var
Page 247 and 248: impact of what they term “new-con
Page 249 and 250: Thus, an information weapon could b
Page 251 and 252: operations on a strategic scale. Th
Page 253 and 254: opponent to “see through” an RC
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
Page 257 and 258: The Soviet and Russian armed forces
Page 259 and 260: method or technology of obtaining,
Page 261 and 262: possible to influence his combat pl
Page 263 and 264: maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
Page 265 and 266: Computer technology increases the e
Page 267 and 268: econsider the wisdom of his decisio
Page 269 and 270: (5) transfer of an image of one’s
Page 271: might try to overpower them. 483 Th
Page 275 and 276: PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
Page 277 and 278: oadband migration. These are the de
Page 279 and 280: technical developments that are pro
Page 281 and 282: software 491 for peacekeeping utili
Page 283 and 284: attack against Arab and Muslim righ
Page 285 and 286: Structurally the brigade has three
Page 287 and 288: War. 507 Thus the situational setti
Page 289 and 290: enabling network-centric operations
Page 291 and 292: While it is good to have people wit
Page 293 and 294: fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
Page 295 and 296: C4ISR technology to ensure that the
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Page 299 and 300: 1999 “Information Technology: US/
Page 301 and 302: APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
Page 303 and 304: The term apparently assumes whateve
Page 305 and 306: something new, he reminds us, notin
Page 307 and 308: intelligence capability. In the cit
Page 309 and 310: “singing in the rain,” then dec
Page 311 and 312: the attack. Law enforcement agencie
Page 313 and 314: Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
Page 315 and 316: computers. The process can be made
Page 317 and 318: them. This device is composed of a
Page 319 and 320: technology to investigate and estab
Page 321 and 322: e stored and/or through which data
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2. European Union - This is an orga
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enforcement as another avenue for p
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transferred to a physical medium su
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sectors as bad. A person wanting to
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• Compressing/Decompressing Files
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contain evidence are mail servers,
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FBI created a partnership program w
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• Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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search warrants for email, and dete
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originating from country X, law enf
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system is globally distributed and
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About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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