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offsets and technological counters? How reliable will those new estimates be? What will happen when a real information warfare system confronts ours? Will our capabilities be degraded by a quarter, a third, or more? The Pentagon’s top civilian leaders evidently plan to produce an official report on Kosovo, breaking their study into three parts: a deploymentemployment group, an intelligence support for operations group, and an alliance and coalition warfare group. It is important that the intelligence support group study the current information superiority dogma to correct some of the faulty data and impressions being generated by both analysts and leaders from the Kosovo conflict. We have to stop ourselves before heading down the wrong “yellow brick road,” and instead inculcate the wisdom that people like Admiral Ellis are revealing. NATO and the United States did almost everything right in Kosovo. Now it is time to assess the little that was done wrong. As the Chinese might say, you can lose in contemporary war in two ways: if you fail to defend your information superiority, or if you become trapped by false information. It is the latter to which we should now pay attention. 152
CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” AND THE NEED FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES 265 Introduction Traditional peace support operations differ by degrees of consent, force, and impartiality. Peacekeeping operations require the consent of the belligerent parties, the use of force only in self-defense, and the maintenance of impartiality. Peace-enforcement missions do not require absolute consent; force can be used to compel or coerce, and impartiality is usually strained. Today, peace support operations are caught between these two extremes. Peace support personnel deal more often with crowds than armies and with questions of ownership of houses and pigs rather than buffer zones. Population resource control is as important as equipment control. Missions are increasingly intrastate with a police mission overtone. These missions do not fall neatly into either the peacekeeping or peace-enforcement categories but approach “police-keeping” performed by “policekeepers.” 266 Luckily for peace support personnel facing these new missions, there has been a rapid proliferation of information technology (IT). If properly understood, these new technologies can help policekeepers prevent or control conflict. New Peacemaking/Peacekeeping Model On 7 September 2000, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to overhaul its peacekeeping operations. There was strong support in the Council for a more professional, high-tech UN force that would work harder at conflict prevention. Former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright agreed with this reassessment. She had stated earlier that Old models of peacekeeping don’t always meet current challenges. Peace operations today often require skills that are neither strictly military nor strictly police but, rather, a combination of the two. The 265 This article was originally titled “IT Requirements for ‘Policekeeping.’” It was published in <strong>Military</strong> Review, September-October 2001, pp. 29-35. This is a slightly expanded version of that article. The editors of <strong>Military</strong> Review inserted the term “policekeeper” in many places where the term “peacekeeper” would normally be found. 266 Author’s term to describe the current situation. No such term actually exists in the peace support operation lexicon. It has been brought to the author’s attention that Graham Day used this term in the past when he described another peace support operation. 153
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
Page 109 and 110: • Overestimates man’s capacity
Page 111 and 112: Cultures eventually produce metapho
Page 113 and 114: PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
Page 115 and 116: CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
Page 117 and 118: The most important part of this def
Page 119 and 120: warplanes were very capable of prec
Page 121 and 122: advantage of contemporary technolog
Page 123 and 124: • Communicate commitments to take
Page 125 and 126: 9. Crises can demonstrate the power
Page 127 and 128: whether they realize it or not, thr
Page 129 and 130: since many can help slow or prevent
Page 131 and 132: Superimposing these three ideas on
Page 133 and 134: 5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
Page 135 and 136: How nations learn to manage or leve
Page 137 and 138: There are various scenarios through
Page 139 and 140: There remains an entire series of q
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
Page 143 and 144: information while exploiting or den
Page 145 and 146: can a real assessment of accuracy b
Page 147 and 148: agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
Page 149 and 150: In September, a Pentagon review of
Page 151 and 152: damning comment could prove to be f
Page 153 and 154: of support. The second objective wa
Page 155 and 156: and logic. But the point to again b
Page 157 and 158: It also will be interesting to watc
Page 159: press and police headquarters, and
Page 163 and 164: Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
Page 165 and 166: a virtual library and electronic pu
Page 167 and 168: other hard-to-find structures. Know
Page 169 and 170: Policekeepers would benefit greatly
Page 171 and 172: IT also offers systems that create
Page 173 and 174: • Developing an information block
Page 175 and 176: human-based, data-processor compone
Page 177 and 178: software by using special programmi
Page 179 and 180: international and state control ove
Page 181 and 182: a real disadvantage since its radar
Page 183 and 184: forces. Their system’s ability to
Page 185 and 186: and digital ortho-photomaps that we
Page 187 and 188: One of the earliest definitions of
Page 189 and 190: value of destroying targets with pr
Page 191 and 192: The Use of Information-Psychologica
Page 193 and 194: off a Russian prisoner. This film w
Page 195 and 196: Russian infospace created to manipu
Page 197 and 198: The Chechens were easily able to pr
Page 199 and 200: One of the amino.com sites, for exa
Page 201 and 202: Another site available is daimohk.o
Page 203 and 204: How long the government’s picture
Page 205 and 206: negating similar actions by Chechny
Page 207 and 208: Russian armed forces cannot stall m
Page 209 and 210: PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
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initiated by the US. In this sense
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Within this digitized context a sho
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emained maddeningly undefinable, so
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Another problem of the human dimens
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worldwide may enter their own cultu
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CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
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as a weapon for conducting psycholo
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Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
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companies try to persuade or manipu
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These devices are associated with t
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the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
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down the bodily functions of more t
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TV reporting to avert a panic while
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229
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wealth of outstanding mathematician
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switching on air defense radars, or
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Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
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Today, simulation, stealth, and var
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impact of what they term “new-con
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Thus, an information weapon could b
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operations on a strategic scale. Th
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opponent to “see through” an RC
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
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The Soviet and Russian armed forces
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method or technology of obtaining,
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possible to influence his combat pl
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maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
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Computer technology increases the e
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econsider the wisdom of his decisio
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(5) transfer of an image of one’s
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might try to overpower them. 483 Th
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control against a state, and inform
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PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
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oadband migration. These are the de
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technical developments that are pro
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software 491 for peacekeeping utili
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attack against Arab and Muslim righ
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Structurally the brigade has three
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War. 507 Thus the situational setti
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enabling network-centric operations
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While it is good to have people wit
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fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
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C4ISR technology to ensure that the
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289
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1999 “Information Technology: US/
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APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
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The term apparently assumes whateve
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something new, he reminds us, notin
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intelligence capability. In the cit
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“singing in the rain,” then dec
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the attack. Law enforcement agencie
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Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
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computers. The process can be made
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them. This device is composed of a
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technology to investigate and estab
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e stored and/or through which data
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2. European Union - This is an orga
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enforcement as another avenue for p
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transferred to a physical medium su
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sectors as bad. A person wanting to
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• Compressing/Decompressing Files
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contain evidence are mail servers,
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FBI created a partnership program w
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• Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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search warrants for email, and dete
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originating from country X, law enf
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system is globally distributed and
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About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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