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of the mechanization and motorization of warfare before WWII when different nations discussed the same technological innovations in very different terms. 490 It is well past the time to have begun a discussion of these issues (terminology, applications, etc.) of IO with other nations. China’s Shen recommended discussing IO rules of engagement, while the Russians asked why there was never any discussion of information peace (and why the US initially discussed information war)? As we go our separate ways, are we (the large powers) encouraging more radical or abstract behavior on the part of all nations concerned? Can we get this IO “thing” under control or will it evolve into something else, as the Russian idea of including special pharmaceuticals as part of their IO means indicates? In the past there was a reluctance to discuss these issues because computer operations were new and nations were afraid to divulge what they were working on (yet another indication of the importance of “cyber operations”). What may be legal in one country’s use of IO on the battlefield may be illegal in another. The time to begin talking was five to ten years ago, making it more important now than ever. A third conclusion is that too much time and thought has gone into developing the ability to use information technologies in conflict and not enough time and thought has gone into developing the ability to apply these technologies to prevent or preempt conflict, or to understand their unintended consequences. That is not all bad news. Without the fighting machine the US military has developed, no campaigns based on these principles would be possible. Based on the US combat experiences in Iraq in February 1991 and March-April 2003, and in Kosovo in April-May 1999, there is no armed force that currently can confront the US armed forces in a high-tech battle. Most nations realize that. In that sense US IO theory and equipment is working very well even if not all of the IO-related definitions appear totally adequate or in sync. But we do need to work harder at using IO to prevent or preempt conflict. Noted New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman believes there are ten “great levelers” that are driving the globalization of human thought. If this is true then military forces should be able to access and use these same “levelers” to mobilize and integrate efforts toward cyber peace as much as they can utilize these forces to mobilize and integrate efforts to conduct warfare. Perhaps too little time has gone into the military’s creative thinking on the “use of forces” such as in-forming, open-sourcing, insourcing, and work flow 490 Harold R Winton and David R. Mets, editors, The Challenge of Change: <strong>Military</strong> Institutions New Realities, 1918-1941, University of Nebraska Press, 11 August 2000. 272
software 491 for peacekeeping utilization and too much time has been spent on the “use of force.” We will need to step back from this paradigm when the conflict in Iraq ends and find other more creative military outlets for these emerging technologies. Cyber peace may be a process for some in the military to start developing now. Likewise the terms “cyber pre- and post-conflict actions” need to be contemplated, developed, and adopted. There are key institutes in the US where cyber peace studies could be undertaken. The US Institute for Peace is one such place, but there are others such as the Peacekeeping Institute at the <strong>Army</strong> War College. It is important to keep in mind that virtual or cyber processes can be used by militaries for purposes other than warfare. It is clear, however, that the area of “virtual peacemaking” continues to be underutilized in the management of world affairs. A fourth conclusion is that cyber technologies have had many unintended consequences–the most important being the manner in which they have empowered terrorists, insurgents, and criminal elements with tools that only nation-states possessed in the past. Technologies have enabled cyberplanning, cyberrecruiting, cybermobilization, and cyberfinancing among a host of other capabilities. A short review of al Qaeda’s and other extremists’ websites over just the past few months demonstrates several of these points. The headlines from extremist websites indicate not only the web’s propaganda value, but also several technological operating strategies: • In early January, the al Basrah Net, a website known for posting Iraqi resistance news, listed their insurgent operations from 16 September 2004 to 1 January 2005. This was an open demonstration of their successes and a sign of the ease with which they operate. • A new website, www.abumusab.cjb.net, contains material purportedly from Abu-Mus’ab al Suri who is suspected of being behind the Madrid train bombing. This indicates that leaders of terrorist actions other than Osama bin Laden and Abu-Mus’ab al Zarqawi use the web to express their thoughts and issue proclamations. 491 Daniel H. Pink, interview with Thomas Friedman, “Why the World is Flat,” Wired, May 2005, p. 152. 273
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
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• Overestimates man’s capacity
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Cultures eventually produce metapho
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PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
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CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
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The most important part of this def
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warplanes were very capable of prec
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advantage of contemporary technolog
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• Communicate commitments to take
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9. Crises can demonstrate the power
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whether they realize it or not, thr
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since many can help slow or prevent
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Superimposing these three ideas on
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5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
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How nations learn to manage or leve
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There are various scenarios through
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There remains an entire series of q
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CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
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information while exploiting or den
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can a real assessment of accuracy b
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agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
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In September, a Pentagon review of
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damning comment could prove to be f
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of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
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It also will be interesting to watc
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press and police headquarters, and
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CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
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Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
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other hard-to-find structures. Know
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Policekeepers would benefit greatly
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IT also offers systems that create
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• Developing an information block
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human-based, data-processor compone
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software by using special programmi
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international and state control ove
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a real disadvantage since its radar
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forces. Their system’s ability to
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and digital ortho-photomaps that we
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One of the earliest definitions of
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value of destroying targets with pr
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The Use of Information-Psychologica
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off a Russian prisoner. This film w
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Russian infospace created to manipu
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The Chechens were easily able to pr
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One of the amino.com sites, for exa
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Another site available is daimohk.o
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How long the government’s picture
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negating similar actions by Chechny
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Russian armed forces cannot stall m
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PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
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initiated by the US. In this sense
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Within this digitized context a sho
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emained maddeningly undefinable, so
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Another problem of the human dimens
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worldwide may enter their own cultu
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CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
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as a weapon for conducting psycholo
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Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
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companies try to persuade or manipu
Page 229 and 230: These devices are associated with t
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Page 233 and 234: down the bodily functions of more t
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Page 239 and 240: wealth of outstanding mathematician
Page 241 and 242: switching on air defense radars, or
Page 243 and 244: Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
Page 245 and 246: Today, simulation, stealth, and var
Page 247 and 248: impact of what they term “new-con
Page 249 and 250: Thus, an information weapon could b
Page 251 and 252: operations on a strategic scale. Th
Page 253 and 254: opponent to “see through” an RC
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
Page 257 and 258: The Soviet and Russian armed forces
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Page 261 and 262: possible to influence his combat pl
Page 263 and 264: maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
Page 265 and 266: Computer technology increases the e
Page 267 and 268: econsider the wisdom of his decisio
Page 269 and 270: (5) transfer of an image of one’s
Page 271 and 272: might try to overpower them. 483 Th
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Page 275 and 276: PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
Page 277 and 278: oadband migration. These are the de
Page 279: technical developments that are pro
Page 283 and 284: attack against Arab and Muslim righ
Page 285 and 286: Structurally the brigade has three
Page 287 and 288: War. 507 Thus the situational setti
Page 289 and 290: enabling network-centric operations
Page 291 and 292: While it is good to have people wit
Page 293 and 294: fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
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Page 299 and 300: 1999 “Information Technology: US/
Page 301 and 302: APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
Page 303 and 304: The term apparently assumes whateve
Page 305 and 306: something new, he reminds us, notin
Page 307 and 308: intelligence capability. In the cit
Page 309 and 310: “singing in the rain,” then dec
Page 311 and 312: the attack. Law enforcement agencie
Page 313 and 314: Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
Page 315 and 316: computers. The process can be made
Page 317 and 318: them. This device is composed of a
Page 319 and 320: technology to investigate and estab
Page 321 and 322: e stored and/or through which data
Page 323 and 324: 2. European Union - This is an orga
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Page 327 and 328: transferred to a physical medium su
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• Compressing/Decompressing Files
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contain evidence are mail servers,
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FBI created a partnership program w
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• Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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search warrants for email, and dete
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originating from country X, law enf
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system is globally distributed and
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About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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