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Gulf, but wherever there are fingers on buttons that can launch deadly weapons. 384 More time needs to be spent on these issues. The stability of data in the computer of a private citizen is one thing, that in the computers and minds of decision makers and missile operators/launchers quite another. 384 Church, p. 17. 212
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW PERSUADERS 385 Peacekeeping operations, terrorism, and low intensity conflicts (LIC) are challenges that confront armies and governments throughout the world. A much overlooked manifestation associated with these phenomena is the overt and covert manipulation of events and actions, made easier by the Information Age. Individuals or groups can take advantage of a variety of factors, such as an organization’s operating techniques and procedures, to augment their own operations. Often, the rational or sources behind these covet actions are soon forgotten. So who was most responsible for US involvement in Somalia: President Clinton, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or Ted Turner= s news agency? None of the above! Former President George Bush was in charge at the start of the involvement, but nongovernmental agencies (NGOs) were initially responsible for drawing his and CNN’s attention to the situation there. The innocent victims of manipulation activities can include responsible decision-makers around the world who are persuaded by media coverage that influences public opinion and thus triggers demands for legislative action or assistance. Nations themselves become practitioners of manipulation techniques as well. Everyone is involved in this old art to some degree. What is Manipulation? Manipulation is not defined by the Department of Defense (DOD) Dictionary of Terms or by US <strong>Army</strong> Field Manual 33-1, Psychological Operations. The American Heritage dictionary defines manipulation as “shrewd or devious management especially for one’s own advantage.” For this article’s purposes, manipulation is defined as “the desired goal or result of a process that uses specific devices—such as semantic, technical, psychological, or behavioral—to deceive, misinform, influence, persuade, or control an object, either concrete (a person, state, or action) or abstract (thinking or perceptions), usually to gain an advantage.” 386 Just who are the 385 The original version of this article under the same title appeared in the May-June 1997 edition of <strong>Military</strong> Review, pp. 72-80. 386 This is the author= s definition since he found no accepted DOD definition while preparing this article. 213
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
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• Overestimates man’s capacity
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Cultures eventually produce metapho
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PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
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CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
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The most important part of this def
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warplanes were very capable of prec
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advantage of contemporary technolog
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• Communicate commitments to take
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9. Crises can demonstrate the power
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whether they realize it or not, thr
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since many can help slow or prevent
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Superimposing these three ideas on
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5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
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How nations learn to manage or leve
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There are various scenarios through
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There remains an entire series of q
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CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
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information while exploiting or den
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can a real assessment of accuracy b
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agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
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In September, a Pentagon review of
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damning comment could prove to be f
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of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
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It also will be interesting to watc
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press and police headquarters, and
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CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
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Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
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other hard-to-find structures. Know
Page 169 and 170: Policekeepers would benefit greatly
Page 171 and 172: IT also offers systems that create
Page 173 and 174: • Developing an information block
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Page 177 and 178: software by using special programmi
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Page 181 and 182: a real disadvantage since its radar
Page 183 and 184: forces. Their system’s ability to
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Page 187 and 188: One of the earliest definitions of
Page 189 and 190: value of destroying targets with pr
Page 191 and 192: The Use of Information-Psychologica
Page 193 and 194: off a Russian prisoner. This film w
Page 195 and 196: Russian infospace created to manipu
Page 197 and 198: The Chechens were easily able to pr
Page 199 and 200: One of the amino.com sites, for exa
Page 201 and 202: Another site available is daimohk.o
Page 203 and 204: How long the government’s picture
Page 205 and 206: negating similar actions by Chechny
Page 207 and 208: Russian armed forces cannot stall m
Page 209 and 210: PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
Page 211 and 212: initiated by the US. In this sense
Page 213 and 214: Within this digitized context a sho
Page 215 and 216: emained maddeningly undefinable, so
Page 217 and 218: Another problem of the human dimens
Page 219: worldwide may enter their own cultu
Page 223 and 224: as a weapon for conducting psycholo
Page 225 and 226: Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
Page 227 and 228: companies try to persuade or manipu
Page 229 and 230: These devices are associated with t
Page 231 and 232: the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
Page 233 and 234: down the bodily functions of more t
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Page 239 and 240: wealth of outstanding mathematician
Page 241 and 242: switching on air defense radars, or
Page 243 and 244: Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
Page 245 and 246: Today, simulation, stealth, and var
Page 247 and 248: impact of what they term “new-con
Page 249 and 250: Thus, an information weapon could b
Page 251 and 252: operations on a strategic scale. Th
Page 253 and 254: opponent to “see through” an RC
Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
Page 257 and 258: The Soviet and Russian armed forces
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Page 261 and 262: possible to influence his combat pl
Page 263 and 264: maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
Page 265 and 266: Computer technology increases the e
Page 267 and 268: econsider the wisdom of his decisio
Page 269 and 270: (5) transfer of an image of one’s
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might try to overpower them. 483 Th
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control against a state, and inform
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PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
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oadband migration. These are the de
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technical developments that are pro
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software 491 for peacekeeping utili
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attack against Arab and Muslim righ
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Structurally the brigade has three
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War. 507 Thus the situational setti
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enabling network-centric operations
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While it is good to have people wit
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fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
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C4ISR technology to ensure that the
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289
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1999 “Information Technology: US/
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APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
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The term apparently assumes whateve
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something new, he reminds us, notin
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intelligence capability. In the cit
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“singing in the rain,” then dec
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the attack. Law enforcement agencie
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Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
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computers. The process can be made
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them. This device is composed of a
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technology to investigate and estab
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e stored and/or through which data
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2. European Union - This is an orga
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enforcement as another avenue for p
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transferred to a physical medium su
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sectors as bad. A person wanting to
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• Compressing/Decompressing Files
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contain evidence are mail servers,
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FBI created a partnership program w
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• Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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search warrants for email, and dete
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originating from country X, law enf
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system is globally distributed and
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About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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