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intellectual property. The Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) of the US Department of Justice (USDOJ) published a guideline entitled “Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations.” This document gives examples of when it is best to seize a computer or search it at the site. These are guidelines and not policies since final decisions must be based on the facts surrounding the case. http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/index.html 3. Scientific Working Group on Digital Evidence (SWGDE) – This organization of US law enforcement and forensic organizations establishes and promulgates forensic guidelines and definitions for the handling and analysis of digital evidence. http://www.for-swg.org/swgdehm.htm 4. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Computer Analysis Response Team (CART) The CART provides assistance to FBI field offices in the search and seizure of computer evidence as well as forensic examinations and technical support for FBI investigations involving computer systems, media, or data. http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/org/cart.htm State/Local 1. Regional Computer Forensic Laboratories (RCFL) – These local, state, and federal law enforcement labs cooperate in the conduct of forensic analysis of digital evidence. 2. FBI Field <strong>Office</strong>s – Local FBI offices offer computer investigative support for state/local law enforcement for intrusion and/or computer forensic support. The FBI also conducts intrusion investigative training for state/local law enforcement. International 1. Council of Europe – This intergovernmental organization of European nations addresses issues of human rights, the development of European culture, consolidation of European democracy, and it seeks solutions to problems facing European society to include issues needing legal cooperation. The Council of Europe established a cybercrime convention to address international cooperation of cross-boundary issues. http://www.coe.int/ 314
2. European Union – This is an organization of European nations that seeks to establish European citizenship; ensure freedom, security and justice; promote economic and social progress; and assert Europe’s role in the world. This organization developed an international treaty for signatory countries to develop and promulgate cybercrime laws and to aid in the cooperation of investigations by other countries. http://www.europa.eu.int/ 3. Interpol – This is a law enforcement organization consisting of 168 countries. It is an organization that supports all law enforcement organizations. Specifically related to cybercrime, Interpol assists member law enforcement agencies with investigations into cyber issues and assists in obtaining digital evidence for member countries. http://www.interpol.int/ 4. International Organization on Computer Evidence (IOCE) – This is an international body of forensic and law enforcement organizations developing standards for acquiring, transferring, and analyzing digital evidence. http://www.ioce.org/ The Need for Law Enforcement During the 1980s and the 1990s law enforcement embarked on a new challenge. That challenge was investigating and solving the increased number of computer media criminal cases. At first the law enforcement challenge focused on stand-alone computer systems requiring computer forensic analysis. Expertise in this area was hard to find, especially in the law enforcement community. Also, in that era, bulletin board systems (BBS) became popular. If a computer owner was rich enough, he or she could buy a modem, which allowed a user to dial into these BBSs. Hacking the BBS became the first form of computer intrusion. Later as Internet access increased and businesses, the government, and universities installed local area networks connected to the Internet, cybercrime went global. Law enforcement now needed to handle network crimes as well as stand alone computer systems. Fighting Computer Crime with a Computer Two paths of investigation were necessary to solve such crimes. The first was the investigation into network-like crimes. This required knowledge of networks, methods that could lead to the identity of the subject, and knowledge about the evidence on those systems to prove the subject committed the crime. 315
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
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• Overestimates man’s capacity
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Cultures eventually produce metapho
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PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
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CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
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The most important part of this def
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warplanes were very capable of prec
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advantage of contemporary technolog
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• Communicate commitments to take
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9. Crises can demonstrate the power
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whether they realize it or not, thr
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since many can help slow or prevent
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Superimposing these three ideas on
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5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
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How nations learn to manage or leve
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There are various scenarios through
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There remains an entire series of q
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CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
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information while exploiting or den
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can a real assessment of accuracy b
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agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
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In September, a Pentagon review of
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damning comment could prove to be f
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of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
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It also will be interesting to watc
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press and police headquarters, and
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CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
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Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
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other hard-to-find structures. Know
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Policekeepers would benefit greatly
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IT also offers systems that create
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• Developing an information block
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human-based, data-processor compone
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software by using special programmi
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international and state control ove
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a real disadvantage since its radar
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forces. Their system’s ability to
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and digital ortho-photomaps that we
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One of the earliest definitions of
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value of destroying targets with pr
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The Use of Information-Psychologica
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off a Russian prisoner. This film w
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Russian infospace created to manipu
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The Chechens were easily able to pr
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One of the amino.com sites, for exa
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Another site available is daimohk.o
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How long the government’s picture
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negating similar actions by Chechny
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Russian armed forces cannot stall m
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PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
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initiated by the US. In this sense
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Within this digitized context a sho
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emained maddeningly undefinable, so
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Another problem of the human dimens
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worldwide may enter their own cultu
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CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
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as a weapon for conducting psycholo
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Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
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companies try to persuade or manipu
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These devices are associated with t
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the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
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down the bodily functions of more t
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TV reporting to avert a panic while
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229
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wealth of outstanding mathematician
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switching on air defense radars, or
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Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
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Today, simulation, stealth, and var
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impact of what they term “new-con
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Thus, an information weapon could b
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operations on a strategic scale. Th
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opponent to “see through” an RC
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
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The Soviet and Russian armed forces
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method or technology of obtaining,
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possible to influence his combat pl
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maneuvers, weapons tests, denying e
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Computer technology increases the e
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econsider the wisdom of his decisio
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(5) transfer of an image of one’s
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Page 275 and 276: PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
Page 277 and 278: oadband migration. These are the de
Page 279 and 280: technical developments that are pro
Page 281 and 282: software 491 for peacekeeping utili
Page 283 and 284: attack against Arab and Muslim righ
Page 285 and 286: Structurally the brigade has three
Page 287 and 288: War. 507 Thus the situational setti
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Page 291 and 292: While it is good to have people wit
Page 293 and 294: fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
Page 295 and 296: C4ISR technology to ensure that the
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Page 299 and 300: 1999 “Information Technology: US/
Page 301 and 302: APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY
Page 303 and 304: The term apparently assumes whateve
Page 305 and 306: something new, he reminds us, notin
Page 307 and 308: intelligence capability. In the cit
Page 309 and 310: “singing in the rain,” then dec
Page 311 and 312: the attack. Law enforcement agencie
Page 313 and 314: Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
Page 315 and 316: computers. The process can be made
Page 317 and 318: them. This device is composed of a
Page 319 and 320: technology to investigate and estab
Page 321: e stored and/or through which data
Page 325 and 326: enforcement as another avenue for p
Page 327 and 328: transferred to a physical medium su
Page 329 and 330: sectors as bad. A person wanting to
Page 331 and 332: • Compressing/Decompressing Files
Page 333 and 334: contain evidence are mail servers,
Page 335 and 336: FBI created a partnership program w
Page 337 and 338: • Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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Page 341 and 342: originating from country X, law enf
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Page 345: About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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