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“Russia’s ‘Netwar’ Capabilities,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, June 2002, Vol. 14, No. 7, pp. 52-53. 2003 “Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of ‘Cyberplanning’,” Parameters, Spring Issue, pp. 112-123. “Like Adding Wings to a Tiger—Chinese Information War Theory and Practice,” Military Intelligence, July-September 2003, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 22- 27. “Information Warfare in the Second (1999-) Chechen War: Motivator for Military Reform?” Russian Military Reform: 1992-2002, Anne C. Aldis and Roger N. McDermott, editors, Frank Cass Publishers, 2003, pp. 209-233. “Is the IW Paradigm Outdated? A Discussion of US IW Theory” Journal of Information Warfare, Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2003, pp. 117-127. 2004 “Russia’s Reflexive Control Theory and the Military,” Journal of Slavic Military Studies, April-June 2004, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 237-256. Dragon Bytes: Chinese Information War Theory and Practice, 2004. “Comparing US, Russian, and Chinese Information Operations Concepts,” posted to the 2004 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium website, San Diego, California, at http://www.dodccrp.org/events/2004/CCRTS_San_Diego/CD/papers/064.pdf 2005 “Chinese and American Network Warfare,” Joint Force Quarterly, Issue 38, 3 rd Quarter, July 2005, pp. 76-83. “China’s Revolution in Military Affairs: More Cognitive than Technological?” draft paper awaiting publication. 292
APPENDIX TWO: DECIPHERING ASYMMETRY’S WORD GAME This article appeared in the July-August 2001 edition of Military Review, pp. 32-37 under the same title. It highlights the debate over the term “asymmetric war” and problems associated with the exclusive use of US sound bites and paradigms, resulting in misunderstanding terms and improperly applying them to situations. This wastes time and energy, and it confuses practitioners, much like the current debate over the definition of IO. Introduction The terms “asymmetry, “asymmetric warfare,” “asymmetric approaches,” and “asymmetric options” are popular sound bites found in many military journals today. Asymmetric-related terms are commonly associated with a potential opponent’s operations or actions against US interests or forces. The attacks are commonly described as chemical, biological, nuclear, terrorist, or information attacks, or attacks against weak points. Arguably, these attacks are not asymmetric. In fact, except for the terrorist example, these are symmetrical attacks. The United States has chemical, biological, nuclear, and information means; therefore, such attacks cannot be asymmetric. The asymmetric aspect of a chemical, nuclear, information, or traditional attack actually relates to asymmetries in capabilities, reliance, vulnerabilities, and values. The capabilities of certain forces—some information systems can shut down command and control systems and prevent nuclear systems from launching—constitute one variable. A nation’s reliance on a particular system is another. For example, both sides can have information weapons, but one side may rely more on them than the other. The vulnerability of a system or platform’s performance parameters, operations principles, or situational context is another asymmetric opening, the one most often associated with weak spots. Finally, cultural values determine whether a nation will or will not use one of these methods. The Russo-US relationship provides an example of such reasoning. Both countries have had biological and nuclear weapons for decades, yet no one has called this an asymmetric Russian threat. Neither side has used these weapons because of discussions that led to a common understanding and because of a value structure that placed national interests above other interests. However, if a country that conducts operations based on very different values obtains biological weapons, then we should worry. In some cultures, social and religious reasons may override national interest when choosing whether to use such weapons. 293
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Cover: The cover highlights four st
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DEDICATION This book is dedicated t
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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IT Databases and Policekeeping ....
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FOREWORD This book explores the imp
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INTRODUCTION This book examines the
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cultural awareness, psychological o
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PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING OUR CYBER E
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CHAPTER ONE: ENGAGING CYBER OR INFO
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Jihad” listed the terms cyberatta
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screening methods were used to chec
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more than 194 million in China. But
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as armies do on the battlefield to
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date, military opponents have been
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usurp adversarial human and automat
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However, just as cyber activities h
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ought Keyhole and now offers free a
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The important point to underscore i
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that may or may not result in blood
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web allows an uncensored and unfilt
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The Internet can help a poorly fund
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audiences, while one set to use Ara
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of icons can change as well. Messag
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The Internet takes advantage of leg
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without physically meeting their fo
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conflict. It is a protracted politi
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Adaptive Insurgent Organization and
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It is clear that Osama bin Laden re
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With no filter or censor, the Inter
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was killed as a result. Public opin
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material is visual as well as writt
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PART TWO: TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS
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CHAPTER FOUR: IS THE IW PARADIGM OU
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Webster’s is necessary. Secondly,
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war.” 118 If the definition of wa
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of near total “information superi
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across broad geographical areas. Ho
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mind, whether electronic, laser, or
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necessarily mean that other nations
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views network-centric operations in
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making while protecting our own.”
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telecommunication assets; and they
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eligious propaganda aspect of IW. T
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Mianheng, by the way, was reported
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China’s networks according to som
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• Form a psychological-warfare me
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CHAPTER SIX: CHINESE AND AMERICAN N
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military deception, and physical de
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transformation is to emphasize both
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Network-Centric Warfare Early in 20
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latter perhaps mimicking the Americ
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authors appeared to be describing w
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• Overestimates man’s capacity
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Cultures eventually produce metapho
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PART THREE: APPLICATIONS AND CASE S
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CHAPTER SEVEN: VIRTUAL PEACEMAKING:
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The most important part of this def
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warplanes were very capable of prec
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advantage of contemporary technolog
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• Communicate commitments to take
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9. Crises can demonstrate the power
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whether they realize it or not, thr
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since many can help slow or prevent
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Superimposing these three ideas on
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5. Offer improved upgradeability fo
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How nations learn to manage or leve
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There are various scenarios through
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There remains an entire series of q
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CHAPTER EIGHT: KOSOVO AND THE CURRE
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information while exploiting or den
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can a real assessment of accuracy b
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agreement less acceptable to Yugosl
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In September, a Pentagon review of
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damning comment could prove to be f
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of support. The second objective wa
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and logic. But the point to again b
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It also will be interesting to watc
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press and police headquarters, and
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CHAPTER NINE: “POLICEKEEPING” A
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Conflict. 270 It is still a year or
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a virtual library and electronic pu
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other hard-to-find structures. Know
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Policekeepers would benefit greatly
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IT also offers systems that create
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• Developing an information block
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human-based, data-processor compone
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software by using special programmi
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international and state control ove
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a real disadvantage since its radar
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forces. Their system’s ability to
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and digital ortho-photomaps that we
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One of the earliest definitions of
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value of destroying targets with pr
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The Use of Information-Psychologica
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off a Russian prisoner. This film w
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Russian infospace created to manipu
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The Chechens were easily able to pr
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One of the amino.com sites, for exa
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Another site available is daimohk.o
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How long the government’s picture
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negating similar actions by Chechny
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Russian armed forces cannot stall m
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PART FOUR: CYBER THREATS TO THE MIN
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initiated by the US. In this sense
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Within this digitized context a sho
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emained maddeningly undefinable, so
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Another problem of the human dimens
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worldwide may enter their own cultu
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CHAPTER TWELVE: THE AGE OF THE NEW
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as a weapon for conducting psycholo
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Cease Fires Anytime there was a cha
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companies try to persuade or manipu
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These devices are associated with t
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the Soviets wanted to only shoot do
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down the bodily functions of more t
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TV reporting to avert a panic while
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229
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wealth of outstanding mathematician
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switching on air defense radars, or
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Upon closer analysis, the “not fi
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Today, simulation, stealth, and var
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impact of what they term “new-con
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Page 255 and 256: CHAPTER FOURTEEN: RUSSIA’S REFLEX
Page 257 and 258: The Soviet and Russian armed forces
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Page 261 and 262: possible to influence his combat pl
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Page 265 and 266: Computer technology increases the e
Page 267 and 268: econsider the wisdom of his decisio
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Page 271 and 272: might try to overpower them. 483 Th
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Page 275 and 276: PART FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND APPENDIX
Page 277 and 278: oadband migration. These are the de
Page 279 and 280: technical developments that are pro
Page 281 and 282: software 491 for peacekeeping utili
Page 283 and 284: attack against Arab and Muslim righ
Page 285 and 286: Structurally the brigade has three
Page 287 and 288: War. 507 Thus the situational setti
Page 289 and 290: enabling network-centric operations
Page 291 and 292: While it is good to have people wit
Page 293 and 294: fact. 518 It is this focus on cultu
Page 295 and 296: C4ISR technology to ensure that the
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Page 299: 1999 “Information Technology: US/
Page 303 and 304: The term apparently assumes whateve
Page 305 and 306: something new, he reminds us, notin
Page 307 and 308: intelligence capability. In the cit
Page 309 and 310: “singing in the rain,” then dec
Page 311 and 312: the attack. Law enforcement agencie
Page 313 and 314: Cybercrime is a more accurate defin
Page 315 and 316: computers. The process can be made
Page 317 and 318: them. This device is composed of a
Page 319 and 320: technology to investigate and estab
Page 321 and 322: e stored and/or through which data
Page 323 and 324: 2. European Union - This is an orga
Page 325 and 326: enforcement as another avenue for p
Page 327 and 328: transferred to a physical medium su
Page 329 and 330: sectors as bad. A person wanting to
Page 331 and 332: • Compressing/Decompressing Files
Page 333 and 334: contain evidence are mail servers,
Page 335 and 336: FBI created a partnership program w
Page 337 and 338: • Subpoenas - These must be obtai
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Page 341 and 342: originating from country X, law enf
Page 343 and 344: system is globally distributed and
Page 345: About the author: Timothy L. Thomas
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