OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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Spatial Level International Systems International Subsystems Political Units Subunits Individual Examples Economic, financial, aerospace, maritime systems, etc Regions with distinct social dynamics like geographical Europe or political EU States, nations, organized religions, etc Political parties, states’ bureaucracies, pressure groups, interest groups, etc Human beings considered individually, with or without significance as political actors Traditional security generally focuses on first two levels, wherein, realism places great emphasis on militaries in its approach to world politics while liberalism emphasizes on economic interdependence and prevalence of democracy in international society to explain the phenomenon of war and peace. It is argued that because human security aims to place the analysis at the individual level while widening the threat spectrum, it results in twofold disadvantage; lack of focus on collective political units and failure in identification of those vulnerabilities that need to be ‘securitized’. Thus, in Cunha’s opinion, challenge lies in connecting Human Security (of the individual) with National Security (of the State) without trampling over Traditional Security Studies. Intellectually, Pakistan has made some progress in steering its national security discourse towards a comprehensive framework. As an example, a nongovernmental panel of Pakistan Ex-Servicemen Association led by Admiral (Retd) Fasih Bokhari suggested a national security policy for Pakistan, Peace at Home and Peace Abroad, in October 2011. After criticizing earlier manner of defining national security in Pakistan as “the integrity of the national territory and its institutions” as given by Morgenthau in Politics among Nations, they argued that secure nations have tended to accept Arnold Wolfers “absence of threats to acquired values” as a more wholesome classification. This definition, the panel argued, “emphasizes values that enable us to overcome risk from poverty, hunger, and from poor and unequal educational and job opportunities”. It emphasized freedom from risk of internal and external threats to values and highlighted the dangers emanating from absence of a well defined ‘common identity or purpose’. This concept has obviously been under intense debate in our strategic discourse since long and cannot be termed as conclusive. Our strategic culture remained tilted towards the realist, state security paradigm, owing to legacies of insecurity. Over the course of our history, this led to abysmal neglect of the human security paradigm to a degree that the state has become more insecure from within than from without. Pakistan’s national security approach stands at strategic crossroads. However, rather than seeing it as ‘either-or’ dilemma, it will be useful to adopt an integrative approach, but with priority to human security. External threats need to be managed by way of diplomacy, deterrence, co-opting approaches and getting mainstreamed in a globalized world by reinvigorating our core values. We need to focus on good governance as the single most important precept of human security. The ‘guns versus butter’ dilemma is not as serious for us as the irony of poor administration of potential resources versus requirement of their humane utilization. We ought to focus upon building the much needed human institutions and skills through human empowerment. Thucydides’ trinity of fear, honour and interest needs to be rationalized in the national security calculus for better economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political security of individuals in Pakistan, within safe internal and external frontiers. Endnote Mahbub ul Haq, Reflections on Human Development (New York: OUP, 1995), 4. 1 Mahbub ul Haq et al., UNDP Human Development Report 1994 (New York: OUP, 1994), 22. 2 Sadako Ogata et al., Human Security Now (New York: Commission on Human Security, 2003), 10 OPINION Vol.1 No.1 142 June 2013
3 P.H. Liotta and Taylor Owen, “Why Human Security,” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Winter/Spring 2006, 37. 4 Emma Rothschild, “What is Security The Quest for World Order,” Dædulus: The Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 124, no. 3 (June 1995): 53-98. 5 Amitav Acharya, “Human Security,” in The Globalization of World Politics, ed. Baylis, Smith and Owens (New York: OUP, 2011), 483. 6 Amitav Acharya, Human Security: East Versus West (Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, 2001), 7 Jon Barnett et al., “Global Environmental Change and Human Security: An Introduction,” in Global Environmental Change and Human Security, ed. Richard A. Matthew et al (London, MIT Press, 2010), 6. 8 Andre R. Cunha, Rethinking Human Security: a Proposition of Analysis (Observatory of Human Security, August 2012) OPINION Vol.1 No.1 143 June 2013
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O P I N I O N VOL.1, NO.1 JUNE 2013
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MESSAGE OF PATRON The depth of know
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Part-1 Global / R
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Introduction SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
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Hydropower Resources. Tajikistan is
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post-Arab Spring transition in the
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Opportunities • Russian aspiratio
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Infrastructural Development It
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Introduction AL QAEDA AND THE MUSLI
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Attacks in mainland USA - 09 Sep 20
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of peace negotiations, saying that
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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Aft
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Reactive Strategy against Al Qaeda.
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Deportation / Repatriation of Illeg
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COERCIVE STATECRAFT "The most compl
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US Coercion of USSR - Cuban Missile
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Indian Coercion of Pakistan - Opera
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• Determine the punishment regime
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other states, or produce counter na
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Introduction RISING INDIA - A CRITI
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protecting Indian investments overs
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India’s Military. Indian military
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India has neither been able to prod
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In an idealistic scenario, where In
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Introduction RISING POWERS AND GLOB
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come to dominate the 21 st century
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In the face of the growing importan
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Better Security Hope in Sight Prosp
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power in central and provincial gov
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Introduction ARAB UPRISING - A CRIT
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Abd-al-Rab Mansur Al Hadi assumed p
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the region of Northwest Africa, wes
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Transparency International report f
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leading to the best case scenario.
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Recommended Areas for Immediate Att
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PART - 2 National Security ‣ Glob
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the establishment of the Bretton Wo
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Globalization and Poverty Alleviati
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years and yet an air of distrust st
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can cause capital flight, which is
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Imperatives for Reaping the Benefit
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Conclusion of other hostile element
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58 TasneemNoorani, “MFN Status an
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Elections 2014 Joint appeal to the
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Tranche 1: began transition in July
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PART- IV FUTURE AFGHAN SCENARIOS AN
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Indian and Chinese involvement in d
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influence and eastern and southern
Page 97 and 98: scenario would have grave implicati
Page 99 and 100: In present day Asia, three big demo
Page 101 and 102: Major Conclusions. Major conclusion
Page 103 and 104: The increase in glacial melting may
Page 105 and 106: Demography. Unplanned expansion of
Page 107 and 108: Legislate to ensure energy efficien
Page 109 and 110: 26 http://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rnd_fi
Page 111 and 112: INDO - PAK CONFLICTS; 1998 TO DATE
Page 113 and 114: During the conflict, leaders/offici
Page 115 and 116: Pakistan, India, without any formal
Page 117 and 118: or the establishment of stability a
Page 119 and 120: Researchers: Supervisor: Brig Asim
Page 121 and 122: The Stone Age of Campaigning. Durin
Page 123 and 124: Technological Advancements - WW 1 F
Page 125 and 126: American Operational Art - WW II O
Page 127 and 128: war began. By early 1951, the fight
Page 129 and 130: • Freedom of Action for Afghan Fi
Page 131 and 132: WW-2 • Joint Warfare. • Amphibi
Page 133 and 134: 35 Antulio J. Echevarria II, “Ame
Page 135 and 136: are not necessarily new. The four e
Page 137 and 138: Fifth Generation Warfare Theoretica
Page 139 and 140: • Terrorists now have transnation
Page 141 and 142: hierarchical organizations. Technol
Page 143 and 144: Conclusion Force Multipliers. Avail
Page 145 and 146: PART - 4 VIEWS ‣ Human Security O
Page 147: Commission for Human Security, co c
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OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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