OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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countries (like Mexico, Turkey, Australia, Indonesia or South Africa) are on the waiting list or in the “second row”. In line with this, apart from the so-called BRICS whose basis is economic, other emerging powers with global influence can be identified: in terms of hard or military power, Pakistan (nuclear power) and Iran (potential nuclear power), in terms of economic weight, Mexico and South Africa and, for reasons of population, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nigeria also feature. Emerging Blocks It is commonly perceived that some emerging blocks and regional alliances like SCO, ASEAN and BRICS respectively will gradually transform the existing power balance in the future. Regionalism Shanghai Cooperation Organization – SCO. SCO was originally founded to counter terrorism and separatism on its member states’ territory. The security interests of the organization are now increasingly complemented by economic and trade issues. The bloc is expected to counter US influence in areas including Chinese neighbourhood and Russia’s ‘near abroad’. Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). The BRICS thesis posits that China and India will become the world's dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials. It is important to note that the Goldman Sachs thesis isn't that these countries are a political alliance (like the European Union) or a formal trading association - but they have the potential to form a powerful economic bloc. Major regional forums include the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to count few of them. Regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. Regionalism in fact is a by-product of globalization, yet, it offers a collective response to the coercive dimensions of globalization. Therefore, the political unanimity of thought against countries of a particular regional organization such as ASEAN would not be easy to muster when seen in the backdrop of such coercion if applied against a country which is not part of any such regional dispensation. Analysis There are three possibilities that could lead to the end of this liberal international order. Though it is possible that another hegemon would rise at some point, this is unlikely to happen at least in the next two decades. We have had two dramatic transitions in the global system in the last century, but both happened as a consequence of the collapse of major powers. The end of the Second World War saw the demise of not just Germany and Japan but many European great powers, leaving a bipolar order dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 converted that bipolar system into a unipolar one. While there are plenty of predictions of other great powers rising, there are none that suggest the U.S. will collapse. And short of that, what we are likely to witness are gradual rather than dramatic changes in the balance of power, and these will take a lot longer than two decades. The second possibility, more probable than the first, is the rise of several new powers such as China, Russia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Australia, Turkey and South Korea who are growing strong enough to share the stage with proportional strength with the U.S., even if they do not necessarily match the U.S. Such a multi-polar order could gradually erode the current international liberal order. But this will not be because these powers do not share the norms of the current liberal international order, but because the coordination and management problems become greater as the number of great powers populating the international system grows. The third possibility has been little discussed but it deserves greater attention – the likelihood that the U.S. declines as a power with global managerial capacity but no other power rises to take up the slack. This reverses many current expectations: instead of others rising to meet the U.S., the U.S. declines to meet the others at a much lower level of capability. Such a system would not be so much global as regional, dominated by regional hegemons that are strong enough to control their immediate environs but who have insufficient capacity to act globally. Conclusions from the Emerging World Order OPINION Vol.1 No.1 46 June 2013
In the face of the growing importance of the Asian continent, Europe, above all, but also the USA, will not see their relevance diminished at the international level. Technological base and incontestable military power will continue to enable USA to influence the military scene, however in the political arena, it is likely to resort to alliances with other power centres to accrue political nuisance. The likely partners are members of ASEAN in East Asia, (Asia pacific) with an intended lead role for Australia, India in lead role in South Asia (Indian Ocean). Israel will continue to enjoy the status quo in ME. The three Asian countries, China, India and Japan, belong to the reduced circle of great powers. Because of its size, economic weight and military budget, China is already a world power, even if it has not yet reached that status in the international political sphere. India’s position is hazy, but it is rising rapidly in the hierarchy of international states, however India’s inherent social fault lines are a constant and continuous drag thereby confronting it with more uncertainties. Notwithstanding the above, this century will belong to Asia, under the shared or contested leadership of China, Russia, Japan, South Korea and India, being more prominent. Saudi Arabia will continue to retain its influence in the Muslim World while also balancing its relations with the US and China. It will be the centre of gravity of OPEC. Chinese influence will grow in Africa in the economic arena, however may be at the cost of a contest by some European states and the US. SCO is likely to transform into a more meaningful and productive power bloc. Revival of religion in Turkey will not enable it to acquire membership in EU; however her influence in ME, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan will increase manifold. Russia on its own would achieve enhanced role in world affairs. If in synergy with china, would even challenge US dominance. CARs would remain under Russian influence. The new trade and energy corridors will lead to new alliances. The resurgence of religion as a political factor is not only tied to Islamic fundamentalism, but can also be found in India (rise of BJP) and the West, particularly in the USA, and some Latin American countries whose governments resort to God and the Bible. This phenomenon increases the risk of creating exclusive, closed nationalisms which live off external enemies. The world order could be; Superpower (USA); Global power (China, Russia, EU); Emerging powers (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, Korea) and Medium sized powers (Canada, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Australia). It is important to note that Pakistan has not figured out among the countries with progressive and prosperous trajectories. Prelude PAKISTAN – 2050: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Thus far, we have discussed the existing and probable power centres in the world. In this part, we will focus on Pakistan, envision it in year 2050 and evaluate its challenges and opportunities. Interplay of host of external and internal factors, linear and vertical; generate a mosaic of difficult challenges for Pakistan. Here, an attempt would be made to project future scenarios for Pakistan based on the drivers from international power calculus/ environment to enable us see Pakistan from an international perspective and ascertain its position accordingly. Before it is done, there are some key questions to be raised. Answers to these questions are uncertain and ambiguous. Only time can tell. Global Will Pakistan be able to ensure relevance to the international community, where would Pakistan figure out in the global context Will Russia and China synergy leave US behind in assertions on the global issues, if yes, what options will be left for Pakistan, if no, what will Pakistan do What will be the state of Globalization What part of globalization will Pakistan benefit from Regional Will relations with India significantly improve- Kashmir, Siachen, Sir Creek, water disputes and issues resolved Will we see Afghanistan as a stable country, self governing and self sustaining Will China suffer friendship fatigue with Pakistan or enter into institutionalized strategic partnership Will China-India relations transform at the cost of Pakistan Domestic Will our governance quality and structures improve Will our economy improve dependence on IFIs reduced and indigenous natural resources tapped Will terrorism recede and security situation improve, Balochistan imbroglio resolved OPINION Vol.1 No.1 47 June 2013
Page 1 and 2: O P I N I O N VOL.1, NO.1 JUNE 2013
Page 3 and 4: MESSAGE OF PATRON The depth of know
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Part-1 Global / R
Page 7 and 8: Introduction SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
Page 9 and 10: Hydropower Resources. Tajikistan is
Page 11 and 12: post-Arab Spring transition in the
Page 13 and 14: Opportunities • Russian aspiratio
Page 15 and 16: Infrastructural Development It
Page 17 and 18: Introduction AL QAEDA AND THE MUSLI
Page 19 and 20: Attacks in mainland USA - 09 Sep 20
Page 21 and 22: of peace negotiations, saying that
Page 23 and 24: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Aft
Page 25 and 26: Reactive Strategy against Al Qaeda.
Page 27 and 28: Deportation / Repatriation of Illeg
Page 29 and 30: COERCIVE STATECRAFT "The most compl
Page 31 and 32: US Coercion of USSR - Cuban Missile
Page 33 and 34: Indian Coercion of Pakistan - Opera
Page 35 and 36: • Determine the punishment regime
Page 37 and 38: other states, or produce counter na
Page 39 and 40: Introduction RISING INDIA - A CRITI
Page 41 and 42: protecting Indian investments overs
Page 43 and 44: India’s Military. Indian military
Page 45 and 46: India has neither been able to prod
Page 47 and 48: In an idealistic scenario, where In
Page 49 and 50: Introduction RISING POWERS AND GLOB
Page 51: come to dominate the 21 st century
Page 55 and 56: Better Security Hope in Sight Prosp
Page 57 and 58: power in central and provincial gov
Page 59 and 60: Introduction ARAB UPRISING - A CRIT
Page 61 and 62: Abd-al-Rab Mansur Al Hadi assumed p
Page 63 and 64: the region of Northwest Africa, wes
Page 65 and 66: Transparency International report f
Page 67 and 68: leading to the best case scenario.
Page 69 and 70: Recommended Areas for Immediate Att
Page 71 and 72: PART - 2 National Security ‣ Glob
Page 73 and 74: the establishment of the Bretton Wo
Page 75 and 76: Globalization and Poverty Alleviati
Page 77 and 78: years and yet an air of distrust st
Page 79 and 80: can cause capital flight, which is
Page 81 and 82: Imperatives for Reaping the Benefit
Page 83 and 84: Conclusion of other hostile element
Page 85 and 86: 58 TasneemNoorani, “MFN Status an
Page 87 and 88: Elections 2014 Joint appeal to the
Page 89 and 90: Tranche 1: began transition in July
Page 91 and 92: PART- IV FUTURE AFGHAN SCENARIOS AN
Page 93 and 94: Indian and Chinese involvement in d
Page 95 and 96: influence and eastern and southern
Page 97 and 98: scenario would have grave implicati
Page 99 and 100: In present day Asia, three big demo
Page 101 and 102: Major Conclusions. Major conclusion
Page 103 and 104:
The increase in glacial melting may
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Demography. Unplanned expansion of
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Legislate to ensure energy efficien
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26 http://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rnd_fi
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INDO - PAK CONFLICTS; 1998 TO DATE
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During the conflict, leaders/offici
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Pakistan, India, without any formal
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or the establishment of stability a
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Researchers: Supervisor: Brig Asim
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The Stone Age of Campaigning. Durin
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Technological Advancements - WW 1 F
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American Operational Art - WW II O
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war began. By early 1951, the fight
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• Freedom of Action for Afghan Fi
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WW-2 • Joint Warfare. • Amphibi
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35 Antulio J. Echevarria II, “Ame
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are not necessarily new. The four e
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Fifth Generation Warfare Theoretica
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• Terrorists now have transnation
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hierarchical organizations. Technol
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Conclusion Force Multipliers. Avail
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PART - 4 VIEWS ‣ Human Security O
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Commission for Human Security, co c
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3 P.H. Liotta and Taylor Owen, “W
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OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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