OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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war against West 13 . Al Qaeda supported Taliban first in their civil war against Northern Alliance and later against US and in turn had significant influence on it. Jallaluddin Haqqani also recognized Taliban and remained loyal to them, however, closer relations developed with Al Qaeda and Taliban when command transferred to his son Sirajuddin Haqqani due to his illness in 2007 14 .Al Qaeda is weakened with most of its camps destroyed and leaders captured or killed, however, it appears to have preserved at least limited means of regenerating inside Afghanistan as US continues to draw down. Al Qaeda Threat in Being (Relatively less Presence / Minor Activities) Syria. At present different Secular, Islamist parties and Free Syrian Army are operating in Syria and Al Qaeda is also trying to get their share if they succeed in overthrowing Bashar Al Asad regime. Secular rebels and Free Syrian Army are worried that Islamists are pulling the rug from under their feet and expresses their disdain for Al Qaeda and Islamists 15 . Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Abu Musab al Zarqawi was killed in a US airstrike near Baghdad in 2006, followed by Abu Ayyub al-Masri in 2010. Ibrahim Awwad Ibrahim Ali is leading the organization at present and has been seeking to re-assert its might in the security vacuum created by the departing Americans, fragmented government and the surge of Sunni rebels in neighboring Syria. With recent continued unrest and likely chances of Al Qaeda gaining strength again, US is persuading Iraq for presence of some marine troops for counter terrorism support. Muslim Countries with Some Degree of Success against Al Qaeda Diverse approaches have been adopted by various Muslim countries against Al Qaeda, however, one thing remained common in all and that was the initial resistance/ closing of eyes to recognition of the problem until it had a severe blow in that particular country which ultimately committed them and gave them the will to eradicate the menace. Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is one of the few countries where fight against extremism has yielded real success. It effectively adopted a combination of hard approach, a soft approach 16 and increased international cooperation. Indonesia. In Indonesia the turning point was 2002 Bali bombing until which Indonesian government was reluctant to cracking down on local militants suspected of ties with Al Qaeda. Indonesian government also started cooperation with US and Australian officials in their attempts to disrupt terrorist networks in Southeast Asia 17 . A strong counter terrorism force was organized, equipped and trained 18 which effectively eradicated Al Qaeda’s cells and support from its affiliates. Besides international cooperation, a domestic cooperation within and between government agencies engaged in fighting terrorism and extremism was ensured. This helped in segregation of violent and remaining groups and ultimately is involved towards non violent peace process leading towards a political solution of the problem. Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Harkat ul Jihad al Islam and Jamaat ul Mujahideen Bangladesh worked in 1992 to recruit volunteers to fight in Afghanistan and Kashmir supported by Muslim NGOs (Servants of Suffering Humanity International etc). However, Media and Intellectuals thereafter played a very active role against extremism. Ban was imposed on extremist political parties and strict check on inflow of money in the country. US also assisted in training police forces in countering terrorism. At present, Islamist extremist organizations generally do not enjoy mass support. Impact on Muslims Muslims Opinion about Al Qaeda. As per polls by Pew Research Center in 2012, Al Qaeda is left with little support in the Muslim world. Majority of people in Muslim countries like Egypt, Pakistan, Turkey and Lebanon expressed negative views about Al Qaeda 19 .However, complexity comes in once we see Muslim’s view towards few of Al Qaeda’s goals like withdrawal of foreign forces from Muslim countries, keeping western values out of Islamic culture, concept of Sharia, atrocities on Muslims in Palestine and Kashmir etc where Al Qaeda does enjoy substantial support from Muslims especially in context of US/ Israel nexus 20 . Image of Islam. What Al Qaeda has hurt the most is the image of Muslims in the world. Even Israeli Prime Minister found an opportunity to look for new excuses to evade pressure on the subject OPINION Vol.1 No.1 14 June 2013
of peace negotiations, saying that Israel is also a victim of “Islamic Terrorism” 21 . This brings in question as to what good Al Qaeda has done to resolve the issue of Palestine. Similarly, the indigenous freedom movement of Kashmir is a victim of Al Qaeda. Main Sufferers of Al Qaeda. The overwhelming majorities of Al Qaeda’s sufferers are Muslims within Muslim countries. Only 15 per cent of the 3010 fatalities resulting from Al Qaeda attacks between 2004 and 2008 were westerners and the remaining 85 per cent of those killed were local inhabitants. And between 2007 and 2011 Muslims suffered even up to 97 per cent of casualties 22 . Muslims in US and West. Muslims in US and West have increasingly become the targets of state authorities through policies and practices that result in racial profiling. They are subject to animosity in the form of hate crimes and discrimination. Weaponization and Drugs. Al Qaeda and its militant affiliates also brought in weaponization and induced drugs due to easy source of earning money and aggressive denial of women rights to basic amenities including destruction of schools. AL QAEDA IN SAUDI ARABIA Background of Al Qaeda’s Activities in Saudi Arabia. The first Al Qaeda planned terrorist incident in Saudi Arabia took place in June 1996, when Al-Khobar Towers were attacked. However, Al Qaeda based terrorism started becoming serious around Saudi Arabia, especially in Yemen which being instable, provided a sanctuary to those militants who had to leave Afghanistan and Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) due to crack down against Al Qaeda in the wake of US operations in Afghanistan in 2001. In the aftermath of US operations in Iraq in 2003, effects of extremism spilled over in Saudi Arabia. May 2003 bombing in Riyadh was really very alarming and around 30 terrorism related incidents took place in Saudi Arabia from May 2003 to June 2005. 23 KSA’s Struggle in Countering Al Qaeda. With combination of soft and hard measures, Saudi Arabia succeeded in countering the agenda of Al Qaeda under Ministry of Interior led by Prince Muhammad bin Naef, with the following measures: - Strategy of Prevention (Soft Strategy) 24 . The National Solidarity Campaign against Terrorism conducted over a period of several weeks to promote true Islamic values of tolerance and moderation, as a strategy to combat extremist ideas. Contours of this strategy are: Encouragement of recreational activities Winning hearts and minds by engaging on internet Scholars and intellectuals’ campaign against extremists Monitoring and screening the preaching of religion Employing of national media against extremism Reorganization of anti-extremism public education Countering of clash of civilizations theory International counter terrorism workshops Employment of UN forum to generate harmony among nations and cultures Countering terrorism by tightening financial noose Cyber-crime law against terrorist activities Strategy of Rehabilitation (Advice and Reform). Under Rehabilitation strategy, an Advisory Committee in the Ministry of Interior administered the Counseling Program. This Advisory Committee consisted of following sub-committees 25 :- Religious sub-committee Psychological sub-committee Security sub-committee OPINION Vol.1 No.1 15 June 2013
Page 1 and 2: O P I N I O N VOL.1, NO.1 JUNE 2013
Page 3 and 4: MESSAGE OF PATRON The depth of know
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Part-1 Global / R
Page 7 and 8: Introduction SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA
Page 9 and 10: Hydropower Resources. Tajikistan is
Page 11 and 12: post-Arab Spring transition in the
Page 13 and 14: Opportunities • Russian aspiratio
Page 15 and 16: Infrastructural Development It
Page 17 and 18: Introduction AL QAEDA AND THE MUSLI
Page 19: Attacks in mainland USA - 09 Sep 20
Page 23 and 24: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Aft
Page 25 and 26: Reactive Strategy against Al Qaeda.
Page 27 and 28: Deportation / Repatriation of Illeg
Page 29 and 30: COERCIVE STATECRAFT "The most compl
Page 31 and 32: US Coercion of USSR - Cuban Missile
Page 33 and 34: Indian Coercion of Pakistan - Opera
Page 35 and 36: • Determine the punishment regime
Page 37 and 38: other states, or produce counter na
Page 39 and 40: Introduction RISING INDIA - A CRITI
Page 41 and 42: protecting Indian investments overs
Page 43 and 44: India’s Military. Indian military
Page 45 and 46: India has neither been able to prod
Page 47 and 48: In an idealistic scenario, where In
Page 49 and 50: Introduction RISING POWERS AND GLOB
Page 51 and 52: come to dominate the 21 st century
Page 53 and 54: In the face of the growing importan
Page 55 and 56: Better Security Hope in Sight Prosp
Page 57 and 58: power in central and provincial gov
Page 59 and 60: Introduction ARAB UPRISING - A CRIT
Page 61 and 62: Abd-al-Rab Mansur Al Hadi assumed p
Page 63 and 64: the region of Northwest Africa, wes
Page 65 and 66: Transparency International report f
Page 67 and 68: leading to the best case scenario.
Page 69 and 70: Recommended Areas for Immediate Att
Page 71 and 72:
PART - 2 National Security ‣ Glob
Page 73 and 74:
the establishment of the Bretton Wo
Page 75 and 76:
Globalization and Poverty Alleviati
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years and yet an air of distrust st
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can cause capital flight, which is
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Imperatives for Reaping the Benefit
Page 83 and 84:
Conclusion of other hostile element
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58 TasneemNoorani, “MFN Status an
Page 87 and 88:
Elections 2014 Joint appeal to the
Page 89 and 90:
Tranche 1: began transition in July
Page 91 and 92:
PART- IV FUTURE AFGHAN SCENARIOS AN
Page 93 and 94:
Indian and Chinese involvement in d
Page 95 and 96:
influence and eastern and southern
Page 97 and 98:
scenario would have grave implicati
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In present day Asia, three big demo
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Major Conclusions. Major conclusion
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The increase in glacial melting may
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Demography. Unplanned expansion of
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Legislate to ensure energy efficien
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26 http://www.pmd.gov.pk/rnd/rnd_fi
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INDO - PAK CONFLICTS; 1998 TO DATE
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During the conflict, leaders/offici
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Pakistan, India, without any formal
Page 117 and 118:
or the establishment of stability a
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Researchers: Supervisor: Brig Asim
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The Stone Age of Campaigning. Durin
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Technological Advancements - WW 1 F
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American Operational Art - WW II O
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war began. By early 1951, the fight
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• Freedom of Action for Afghan Fi
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WW-2 • Joint Warfare. • Amphibi
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35 Antulio J. Echevarria II, “Ame
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are not necessarily new. The four e
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Fifth Generation Warfare Theoretica
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• Terrorists now have transnation
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hierarchical organizations. Technol
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Conclusion Force Multipliers. Avail
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PART - 4 VIEWS ‣ Human Security O
Page 147 and 148:
Commission for Human Security, co c
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3 P.H. Liotta and Taylor Owen, “W
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OPINION Vol.1, No.1 June 2013 - National Defence University

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