Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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A Portuguese influence is easier to establish for the razor. <strong>The</strong> navalha, which tr<strong>an</strong>slates both as razor or<br />
jackknife, figures prominently in the Lisbon underworld. Its main user was the fadista, a term denominating<br />
not only a singer <strong>of</strong> mel<strong>an</strong>cholic fados, but also a wider social type who belonged, with prostitutes, pimps,<br />
vagr<strong>an</strong>ts <strong>an</strong>d sailors, to the milieu <strong>of</strong> Lisbon marginality. Fadista me<strong>an</strong>t a tough guy who liked fights <strong>an</strong>d<br />
disorder. Marcos Bretas drew attention to the cultural proximity between the fadista <strong>an</strong>d the capoeira, <strong>an</strong>d<br />
Carlos Eugênio Soares has shown how technical terms such as sardinha, rasteira <strong>an</strong>d even ginga were used<br />
on both sides <strong>of</strong> the Atl<strong>an</strong>tic, in the fadista sl<strong>an</strong>g <strong>of</strong> Lisbon <strong>an</strong>d the capoeira jargon from Rio. 75 Since the<br />
signific<strong>an</strong>t presence <strong>of</strong> the Portuguese in Carioc<strong>an</strong> capoeira coincided with the adoption <strong>of</strong> the razor as the<br />
preferred weapon, one c<strong>an</strong> safely assume that their specific skills in its h<strong>an</strong>dling also spread among<br />
practitioners. <strong>The</strong>se ch<strong>an</strong>ges provide further evidence that tr<strong>an</strong>sformations <strong>of</strong> the social context inevitably<br />
impacted on the formal aspects <strong>of</strong> capoeira practice. We c<strong>an</strong> therefore assume that this has always been the<br />
case, even though the available sources do not allow us to track these ch<strong>an</strong>ges accurately for earlier periods.<br />
By the late nineteenth century capoeira in Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro combined five complementary fighting<br />
techniques: head butts, foot kicks, open h<strong>an</strong>d blows, knife <strong>an</strong>d stick techniques (see Figure 3.7). No source<br />
suggests that this kind <strong>of</strong> combination ever existed in Africa. <strong>The</strong> fusion <strong>of</strong> these disparate techniques<br />
shows how problematic the thesis <strong>of</strong> a B<strong>an</strong>tu ‘enduring central paradigm’ is in the case <strong>of</strong> Carioc<strong>an</strong><br />
capoeira. 76 <strong>Capoeira</strong> was not <strong>an</strong> isolated cultural practice, but <strong>an</strong> urb<strong>an</strong> phenomenon reflecting <strong>an</strong>d<br />
influencing the historical process that lead to the formation <strong>of</strong> Carioc<strong>an</strong>, <strong>an</strong>d by extension, Brazili<strong>an</strong> society.<br />
To what extent capoeira creolized is further documented by the subst<strong>an</strong>tial ch<strong>an</strong>ges that affected its cultural<br />
<strong>an</strong>d political me<strong>an</strong>ing in the second half <strong>of</strong> the nineteenth century.<br />
Nagoas <strong>an</strong>d Guaiamus: the capoeira g<strong>an</strong>gs<br />
CAPOEIRAGEM IN RIO DE JANEIRO 83<br />
Figure 3.7 Open-h<strong>an</strong>ded blow <strong>an</strong>d a razor attack ‘A Lamparina’ (left); kick to the chest (corresponds to benção in<br />
twentieth-century practice) ‘Meter o And<strong>an</strong>te’ (centre); <strong>an</strong>d head butt ‘A Cocada’ (right). Drawings by Calixto Cordeiro.<br />
Revista Kosmos, No. 3 (March 1906). Courtesy <strong>of</strong> Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro.<br />
During the second half <strong>of</strong> the nineteenth century, a specific form <strong>of</strong> association, the maltas, consolidated<br />
among the capoeiras in Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro. Although one suspects that they might have formed at <strong>an</strong> much<br />
earlier stage, solid evidence for the existence <strong>of</strong> structured g<strong>an</strong>gs—as opposed to loose groups which<br />
assembled rather spont<strong>an</strong>eously—only exists for the 1840s onwards. Soares categorically affirms that g<strong>an</strong>gs<br />
(maltas) constituted the basic structure <strong>of</strong> capoeira activity since its beginnings. <strong>The</strong> data to support his<br />
claim is that half <strong>of</strong> the arrests for capoeira in the period 1808–1850 were made in groups. However, most<br />
<strong>of</strong> these ‘groups’ were composed <strong>of</strong> only two or three individuals! Soares’ conclusion that there were seven<br />
‘principal g<strong>an</strong>gs’ in the city in 1817 rests only on the fact that one <strong>of</strong>ficer required the arrest <strong>of</strong>