Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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58 THE CONTEXT OF THE BLACK ATLANTIC<br />
Figure 2.6 Stick fighting was popular among slaves in m<strong>an</strong>y Caribbe<strong>an</strong> pl<strong>an</strong>tation colonies. ‘Bataille entre un nègre<br />
fr<strong>an</strong>çais et un nègre <strong>an</strong>glais d<strong>an</strong>s l’île St Dominique’. Eighteenth-century engraving by A.Brunias. Courtesy <strong>of</strong><br />
Dr M.Chatillon, Paris.<br />
A similar distinction between friendly games <strong>an</strong>d real confrontations was <strong>an</strong>d is still made on the Sp<strong>an</strong>ish<br />
Americ<strong>an</strong> mainl<strong>an</strong>d. Stick fighting is documented since at least the early nineteenth century in Venezuela.<br />
<strong>The</strong> sugar c<strong>an</strong>e area <strong>of</strong> El Tocuyo in the former province <strong>of</strong> Barquisimeto, now Lara state, is one <strong>of</strong> the core<br />
regions for its practice. Here ‘stick playing’ (jugar palo) is closely associated with the worship <strong>of</strong> St<br />
Anthony <strong>an</strong>d the seven d<strong>an</strong>ces executed after the procession known today as Tamun<strong>an</strong>gue. Slave origins <strong>of</strong><br />
the m<strong>an</strong>ifestation are evident from rhythms <strong>an</strong>d instruments, such as the cumaco drum. D<strong>an</strong>cers <strong>an</strong>d stick<br />
fighters call each other—regardless <strong>of</strong> their ‘real’ colour—negro or negra. 131 As with capoeira, the<br />
Venezuel<strong>an</strong> practice <strong>of</strong> stick fighting spread to the poor mestizo population, but in contrast to Brazil, its<br />
practice remained largely a rural phenomenon.<br />
Stick fighting experienced <strong>an</strong> extraordinary development in Trinidad after em<strong>an</strong>cipation, when it became<br />
associated with carnival. <strong>The</strong> isl<strong>an</strong>d only developed into a fully-fledged pl<strong>an</strong>tation society after the Sp<strong>an</strong>ish<br />
crown <strong>of</strong>fered French pl<strong>an</strong>ters settlement on the isl<strong>an</strong>d with their slaves, in 1783. French creole culture<br />
remained domin<strong>an</strong>t even after the English took over Trinidad, in 1797. Peter Mason asserts that<br />
In the early days <strong>of</strong> slavery almost every pl<strong>an</strong>tation in Trinidad had its own gayelle or stickfighting<br />
ring, where fighters would do battle with their 4–5 foot long sticks <strong>of</strong> hard poui wood, driven by the<br />
sound <strong>of</strong> drums <strong>an</strong>d the singing <strong>of</strong> the early ch<strong>an</strong>twells. Much Afric<strong>an</strong> mystique <strong>an</strong>d spirituality<br />
surrounded stickfighting; ‘bois men’ (from the French ‘bois’ for wood) were known to bury their<br />
sticks in dead relatives’ graves <strong>an</strong>d to leave them there three <strong>of</strong> four days until they were infused or<br />
‘mounted’ with their spirit. 132<br />
After slave em<strong>an</strong>cipation, stick fighting contests took place during carnival, <strong>of</strong>ten arr<strong>an</strong>ged by a wealthy<br />
sponsor. During the 1840s, calinda, a ‘combination <strong>of</strong> stick-fighting <strong>an</strong>d d<strong>an</strong>cing’ is first mentioned in<br />
sources. 133 What so far had been practised only in the context <strong>of</strong> pl<strong>an</strong>tation <strong>an</strong>d village contests was adopted<br />
by the growing urb<strong>an</strong> lower class living in the barrack yards <strong>of</strong> Port <strong>of</strong> Spain. Soon a dozen yard b<strong>an</strong>ds<br />
emerged, very similar to the capoeira g<strong>an</strong>gs in Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro, grouping men <strong>an</strong>d some women from