Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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THE CAPOEIRA SCENE IN BAHIA 119<br />
to discipline a group <strong>of</strong> upper-class students who were behaving improperly. 110 At times police toler<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong><br />
capoeira could be negotiated <strong>an</strong>d result in stylistic ch<strong>an</strong>ges. According to Ruth L<strong>an</strong>des who attended rodas<br />
in the 1930s, ‘d<strong>an</strong>gerous’ movements were taken out, as a ‘precaution dem<strong>an</strong>ded by the police to obviate<br />
harm’. 111<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore, just as in Rio, repression against capoeira was <strong>of</strong>ten ineffective in Salvador because m<strong>an</strong>y <strong>of</strong><br />
the ‘tough’ or pr<strong>of</strong>essional capoeiras had a patron to protect them. <strong>The</strong> godfather would act as a guar<strong>an</strong>tor,<br />
or put up bail if necessary to get them out <strong>of</strong> jail <strong>an</strong>d use his influence to keep them free <strong>of</strong> trouble. As Licídio<br />
Lopes remembered in connection with the <strong>an</strong>nual festival <strong>of</strong> Rio Vermelho:<br />
<strong>The</strong>re was a great number <strong>of</strong> tough guys in every neighbourhood: <strong>The</strong>y started rows, distributed<br />
blows, finished the festivals with shootings <strong>an</strong>d machetes <strong>an</strong>d nothing happened, they were not<br />
arrested, nor feared the police because they were the cap<strong>an</strong>gas or body guards <strong>of</strong> the big politici<strong>an</strong>s,<br />
mainly in election times […] 112<br />
For that reason the capoeira corrido: ‘Look the m<strong>an</strong> I killed. To prison I will not go’ 113 might reflect not<br />
only capoeira defi<strong>an</strong>ce <strong>of</strong> the authority, but also express capoeira complicity with the police.<br />
M<strong>an</strong>uel Henrique Pereira, better known as Besouro M<strong>an</strong>g<strong>an</strong>gá, is <strong>an</strong>other case that illuminates the<br />
contradictory relations <strong>of</strong> early twentieth-century capoeiras with state authorities. <strong>The</strong> name Besouro<br />
evokes one <strong>of</strong> the most powerful legends in capoeira. He is the hero <strong>of</strong> some famous episodes, countless<br />
versions <strong>of</strong> which circulate among capoeiristas. Interestingly enough, most <strong>of</strong> them do not take place within<br />
a capoeira game or a roda. 114 According to all accounts spread via capoeira songs <strong>an</strong>d oral history, Besouro<br />
nurtured strong resentments against the police, <strong>an</strong>d liked to humiliate <strong>of</strong>ficers whenever he could. In a<br />
frequently remembered episode he confronted a whole police force on the Square <strong>of</strong> the Cross (Largo da<br />
Cruz) in his native town <strong>of</strong> S<strong>an</strong>to Amaro in the sugar belt. Tales usually emphasize that the police force,<br />
although superior in number, were never able to get hold <strong>of</strong> him for two reasons. First, because he was such<br />
a tremendous fighter <strong>an</strong>d second, because he enjoyed protection from a powerful m<strong>an</strong>dinga. According to<br />
some versions he was able to tr<strong>an</strong>sform himself into <strong>an</strong> <strong>an</strong>imal or a pl<strong>an</strong>t when he needed to escape<br />
(‘besouro’ me<strong>an</strong>s ‘beetle’). Others emphasize that Besouro’s body was bullet pro<strong>of</strong> th<strong>an</strong>ks to a powerful<br />
amulet. Oral history accounts also frequently depict him as a defender <strong>of</strong> the poor, challenging pl<strong>an</strong>ters who<br />
abused their employees. 115 To what extent those narratives are fictional is difficult to establish. Yet that a<br />
capoeira acting like a kind <strong>of</strong> social b<strong>an</strong>dit became so popular is in itself revealing, <strong>an</strong>d likens him to other<br />
famous outlaws such as Lampeão.<br />
Liberac has recently found some documentary evidence regarding Besouro’s existence. A court case was<br />
instructed against him in 1918, when he served as a soldier in <strong>an</strong> Inf<strong>an</strong>try Battalion in Salvador. 116<br />
Following the account <strong>of</strong> one <strong>of</strong> his victims, Besouro came to the police station <strong>of</strong> São Caet<strong>an</strong>o to claim his<br />
berimbau, which was being kept together with confiscated arms. <strong>The</strong> police <strong>of</strong>ficer refused, only to be<br />
insulted by Besouro. When three policemen went outside to arrest him, he drew his sabre <strong>an</strong>d, together with<br />
three other soldiers he had brought along with him, assaulted the <strong>of</strong>ficers. Local residents, however,<br />
reverted the situation by throwing stones at the soldiers. Besouro <strong>an</strong>d bis men retreated, but came back later<br />
with a troop <strong>of</strong> 30 soldiers, comm<strong>an</strong>ded by a serge<strong>an</strong>t. At that stage the police chief <strong>of</strong> the district arrived<br />
<strong>an</strong>d got in touch with the comm<strong>an</strong>der <strong>of</strong> the battalion. In the course <strong>of</strong> the subsequent trial Besouro claimed<br />
that he was only trying to arrest the policem<strong>an</strong>, who was a deserter from his army unit. His defence was to<br />
no avail, <strong>an</strong>d he was expelled from the army as a consequence.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are again m<strong>an</strong>y divergent accounts <strong>of</strong> his death, which supposedly occurred around 1924. One<br />
popular version claims that the police <strong>of</strong>ficer that killed him had to use a knife made <strong>of</strong> the palm wood