Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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PASTINHA AND ANGOLA STYLE 153<br />
generation he belonged to but also used a r<strong>an</strong>ge <strong>of</strong> metaphors <strong>an</strong>d expressions that reflect his very<br />
distinctive personality. What he wrote <strong>an</strong>d said, especially in the later years <strong>of</strong> his life, <strong>of</strong>ten drew on his<br />
readings <strong>an</strong>d the m<strong>an</strong>y conversations he had with his intellectual friends. One c<strong>an</strong>not therefore assume that<br />
everything he said for inst<strong>an</strong>ce about capoeira history stems from oral tradition nor is necessarily<br />
representative <strong>of</strong> the capoeira mestres <strong>of</strong> his generation. Furthermore, journalists were not always that<br />
meticulous when reproducing the mestre’s thoughts, <strong>of</strong>ten being more interested in getting a spectacular<br />
headline. <strong>The</strong>y might have altered his words. <strong>The</strong> book he published was heavily copy-edited by his<br />
intellectual friends. That is why Pastinha’s m<strong>an</strong>uscripts remain a key source <strong>of</strong> underst<strong>an</strong>ding his views<br />
about capoeira. Unfortunately they have not been dated until now. In what follows I attempt to summarize his<br />
teachings but readers should be aware that <strong>an</strong>y interpretation <strong>of</strong> the mestre’s reflections remains subject to<br />
discussion.<br />
Pastinha identified the ‘rude boys’ as being responsible for the bad image <strong>of</strong> capoeira. He therefore sought<br />
to establish a clear distinction between capoeira Angola <strong>an</strong>d the violence that had so far characterized some<br />
<strong>of</strong> its practitioners. <strong>The</strong>se ‘were individuals <strong>of</strong> bad character that used capoeira to release their aggressive<br />
instinct’. Although having in his youth experienced himself some trouble with the police he now supported<br />
stern action against the tough guys: ‘Fortunately, these troublemaker capoeiristas constituted a small<br />
segment <strong>an</strong>d deserved violent police repression’. 31<br />
Pastinha therefore recommended dist<strong>an</strong>ce from the troublemakers <strong>of</strong> the past <strong>an</strong>d their posture: ‘Don’t<br />
aspire to learn capoeira to be tough, but rather for the defence <strong>of</strong> your physical integrity’. 32 For that reason<br />
he insisted that capoeira Angola was a sport: <strong>The</strong> ethics <strong>of</strong> sports spreading at that moment throughout the<br />
Western world seemed to provide a model consistent with the type <strong>of</strong> behaviour Pastinha w<strong>an</strong>ted to see<br />
implemented in the capoeira rodas. It might not have been the only reason. Calling his school a ‘Sports<br />
Centre <strong>of</strong> <strong>Capoeira</strong> Angola’ certainly eased the institutionalization <strong>of</strong> the art, since sport already enjoyed the<br />
social recognition <strong>Afro</strong>-Brazili<strong>an</strong> culture was still struggling to achieve at the time.<br />
His teachings emphasized the need to rescue the aspects <strong>of</strong> the game likely to disappear when capoeira<br />
was used only for street fights or in prize matches. Those who w<strong>an</strong>t to dedicate themselves to the sport,<br />
must seek to learn meticulously the rules <strong>of</strong> capoeira de <strong>an</strong>gola […] Unfortunately a great part <strong>of</strong> our<br />
capoeiristas have a very incomplete knowledge <strong>of</strong> the rules <strong>of</strong> capoeira, since it is the control <strong>of</strong> the<br />
game that protects those who practice it, so that it does not degenerate into the excesses <strong>of</strong> the free<br />
style contests ( vale tudo). 33<br />
What rules was Pastinha referring to? Although he recognized that capoeira Angola was ‘before <strong>an</strong>ything, a<br />
fight <strong>an</strong>d a violent fight’, he sought to establish clear differentiation between its different modalities:<br />
capoeira as a game, played on squares or for friendly demonstrations; capoeira as a defence against <strong>an</strong><br />
aggressor; <strong>an</strong>d capoeira as a training method. 34 For games <strong>an</strong>d demonstrations a number <strong>of</strong> kicks <strong>an</strong>d<br />
movements had to be b<strong>an</strong>ned. 35 Pastinha emphasized in particular that grappling was prohibited in order to<br />
guar<strong>an</strong>tee a proper game:<br />
All mestres have the duty to make known that it is a mistake to use the h<strong>an</strong>ds on your opponent; <strong>an</strong>d if<br />
they don’t, they show not to be a mestre; those who have education prove their politeness playing<br />
with their comrade <strong>an</strong>d do not seek conquest to sully their comp<strong>an</strong>ion; it is time to underst<strong>an</strong>d, to help<br />
your sport, <strong>an</strong>d help to moralize; to raise capoeira, which was already declining. 36