Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art

228 NOTES
60 Soares, A negregada, p. 117.
61 Soares, A negregada, pp. 117 and Mello Moraes, Festas, p. 259.
62 J.E.Hahner, Poverty and Politics. The Urban Poor in Brazil, 1870–1920 (Albuquerque: University of New
Mexico Press, 1986), p. 47.
63 For the animosity between Portuguese and Brazilian workers see S.Chalhoub, Trabalho, Lar e Botequim (São
Paulo: Brasiliense, 1986); Hahner, Poverty and Politics, pp. 139–55.
64 Soares, A negregada, p. 108.
65 Bretas, ‘A queda’, pp. 241–2. The sample is of, respectively, 105 and 110 arrests for these two years.
66 Soares, A negregada, p. 76.
67 J.M.Macedo, Memórias da Rua do Ouvidor (Brasília: UnB, 1988), pp. 37–40. This is often seen by contemporary
capoeiristas as evidence for the eighteenth-century practice of capoeira. It is important to acknowledge, however,
that the Memórias is a nineteenth-century novel that draws on the author’s knowledge of capoeira at that time and
projects it onto the colonial past.
68 On Vidigal, see Holloway, Policing, pp. 35–8 and Soares, Capoeira escrava, pp. 443–4 as well as the classical
novel by M.A.de Almeida, Memórias de um sargento de milícias (Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, n.d.).
69 J.Moura, ‘Subsidios para uma visão retrospectiva da capoeiragem no Rio de Janeiro, Revista Capoeira, Vol. II, No.
6, pp. 44–5; J.Moura, ‘Um titã da capoeiragem: Plácido de Abreu’, Revista Capoeira, Vol. II, No. 12, pp. 46–7.
70 Soares, A negregada, pp. 173–5, 300.
71 N.C.Russo, O Jogo do Pau (Lisbon: author’s edition, n.d.).
72 A.Azevedo, O Cortiço (Rio de Janeiro: Briguiet, 1943), pp. 155–60.
73 L.da Câmara Cascudo, Folclore do Brasil. Pesquisas e notas (Rio de Janeiro: Fundo de Cultura, 1967), p. 187.
See also T.J.Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo: combat Traditions in African and African Diaspora History’ (PhD, University
of California, Los Angeles, 2000), p. 243.
74 Mello Moraes Filho, Festas, p. 258, see also de los Rios, Rio de Janeiro, p. 73.
75 Bretas, ‘A queda do império’, pp. 241–2; Soares, ‘A negregada’, p. 156.
76 Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, p. 273.
77 Soares, A capoeira escrava, pp. 121, 89, 182. It has to be said however that he reckons the fragility of his
evidence on this topic.
78 Mello Moraes Filho, Festas, p. 258; P.de Abreu, Os capoeiras (Rio de Janeiro: J.Alves, 1886), pp. 3–4.
79 For more details see Holloway, Policing, pp. 223–34.
80 Due to the problematic character of the sources, there is still no definitive figure for the total number of recruits. I
have adopted here the numbers calculated by J.P.de Sousa, Escravidão ou morte. Os escravos brasileiros na
Guerra do Paraguai (Rio de Janeiro: Mauad/ADESA, 1996), p. 89.
81 Sousa, Escravidão ou morte, p. 95.
82 Desch-Obi, ‘Engolo’, pp. 240, 245.
83 Sousa, Escravidão ou morte, p. 95.
84 Dias, Quem tem medo, pp. 17, 90.
85 Soares, A negregada instituição, p. 50
86 Soares, A negregada instituição, pp. 54, 95.
87 In his latest work, Soares corrects his earlier view on the point and suggest that the Nagoa are rather linked to a Nagô
or Mina tradition, but offers little evidence beyond the obvious phonetic similarity between Nagô and Nagoa. See
A capoeira escrava, p. 390.
88 Soares, A negregada instituição, pp. 54, 126–7.
89 Holloway, Policing, p. 223.
90 Abreu, Os capoeiras. I am translating here from the text as reproduced by Jair Moura in Negaça, Vol. III, No. 3
(1995), pp. 7–11.
91 Mello Moraes Filho, Festas, p. 258; Dias, Quem tem medo, pp. 103–5. According to the Aurélio Dictionary,
Caxingulé designates a rodent; the term is derived from Kimbundo and means ‘palm tree rat’.
92 Abreu, Os capoeiras, p. 8.