Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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98 THE CAPOEIRA SCENE IN BAHIA<br />
Figure 4.3 <strong>The</strong> earliest image <strong>of</strong> a combat match in Bahia. Slaves <strong>an</strong>d freedmen preferred to socialize well away from<br />
their masters’ sight, for inst<strong>an</strong>ce on this clearing—capoeira—on the Itapagipe peninsula, on the outskirts <strong>of</strong> the city.<br />
‘S<strong>an</strong> Salvador’. Engraving after Joh<strong>an</strong>n Moritz Rugendas, from Voyage Pittoresque d<strong>an</strong>s le Brésil (Paris: Engelm<strong>an</strong>n &<br />
Compagnie, 1835). By kind permission <strong>of</strong> the British Library, London.<br />
circles this engraving is always—<strong>an</strong>d in my view, incorrectly—linked to his other one explicitly entitled<br />
‘Capoera’, most likely to be located in Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro <strong>an</strong>d already discussed in Chapters 1 <strong>an</strong>d 3. In my opinion<br />
there is absolutely no convincing evidence that Rugendas depicted what is defined today as capoeira in his<br />
S<strong>an</strong> Salvador engraving; it could be <strong>an</strong>y other form <strong>of</strong> <strong>Afro</strong>-Bahi<strong>an</strong> martial art, such as the batuque.<br />
Nonetheless his engraving proves the centrality <strong>of</strong> male combat games in early nineteenth-century <strong>Afro</strong>-<br />
Bahi<strong>an</strong> culture.<br />
In the second half <strong>of</strong> the nineteenth century other, more subst<strong>an</strong>tial sources confirm that capoeira, in its<br />
widest <strong>an</strong>d generic me<strong>an</strong>ing, already existed in Salvador. In James Wetherell’s diary, only published after<br />
his death, <strong>an</strong> entry headed ‘Blacks’ for the year 1856 reads as follows:<br />
Negroes fighting with their open h<strong>an</strong>ds is a frequent scene in the lower city. <strong>The</strong>y seldom come to<br />
blows, or at least sufficient to cause <strong>an</strong>y serious damage. A kick on the shins is about the most painful<br />
knock they give each other. <strong>The</strong>y are full <strong>of</strong> action, capering <strong>an</strong>d throwing their arms <strong>an</strong>d legs about<br />
like monkeys during their quarrels. It is a ludicrous sight. 9<br />
Comparing the blacks’ movements with monkeys certainly reflects the author’s eurocentric prejudices but<br />
could nevertheless also express some degree <strong>of</strong> objectivity, since the imitation <strong>of</strong> <strong>an</strong>imals’ moves is a<br />
recurrent theme among capoeira practitioners. Wetherell is ambiguous in his description, first classifying it<br />
as a ‘fight’, <strong>an</strong>d then suggesting it was not really serious. Furthermore, his indication that this scene is<br />
frequent in the lower part <strong>of</strong> the city is crucial in so far as this is the first known reference <strong>of</strong> a martial game<br />
being played in the port area. Not calling it capoeira or giving it <strong>an</strong>y name at all might be attributed to his<br />
unfamiliarity with slave culture. On the other h<strong>an</strong>d, he is acquainted enough with slave music to give a<br />
description <strong>of</strong> the different instruments bondsmen used, including a detailed account <strong>of</strong> the berimbau. 10