Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art

NOTES 221
27 J.J.Reis and E.Silva, Negociação e conflito: A resistência negra no Brasil escravista (São Paulo: Companhia das
Letras, 1989). These forms of low-level resistance or ‘infrapolitics’ have been analysed by J.C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance. Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).
28 For an overview of contemporary candomblé, see R.Prandi, ‘African Gods in Contemporary Brazil: A
Sociological Introduction to Candomblé Today’, Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv, 3–4 (1998), pp. 326– 52.
29 R.Bastide, Le Candomblé de Bahia (Rite Nagô) (Paris: Mouton, 1958).
30 R.Bastide, Les Amériques Noires. Les Civilisations Africaines dans le Nouveau Monde (Paris: Payot, 1967),
p. 157; The African Religions of Brazil (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 277; R.E.Harding,
A Refuge in Thunder. Candomblé and Alternative Spaces of Blackness (Bloomington: Indiana University Press),
p. 39.
31 See J.Braga, Na gamela do feitiço: repressão e resistência nos candomblés da Bahia (Salvador: EDUFBA,
1995), p. 56.
32 B.G.Dantas, Vovó Nagô e Papai Branco. Usos e abusos da África no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1988).
33 K.D.Butler, Freedom Given, Freedoms Won. Afro-Brazilians in Post-Abolition São Paulo and Salvador (New
Brunswick: Rutgers University Press), pp. 156–9; for Cachoeira, see F.Wimberley, ‘The Expansion of Afro-
Bahian Religious Practices in Nineteenth Century Cachoeira’, in H.Kraay (ed.), Afro-Bahian Culture and
Politics. Bahia, 1790s to 1990s (Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1998), pp. 74– 89.
34 For a discussion of the different processes summarized under the broad label of syncretism, see S.F. Ferretti,
Repensando o sincretismo (São Paulo: EDUSP, 1995).
35 C.R.Boxer, Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415–1825 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963), p. 19.
36 J.K.Thornton, ‘Religious and Ceremonial Life’, p. 87.
37 L.M.Heywood, ‘Portuguese into African: The Eighteenth-Century Central African Background to Atlantic Creole
Cultures’, in Heywood, Central Africans, p. 113.
38 L.da Câmara Cascudo, Dicionário do Folclore Brasileiro (Rio de Janeiro: Ediouro, 1972), p. 150.
39 J.B.von Spix and C.F.P.von Martius, Viagem pelo Brasil: 1817–1820 (Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1981), Vol. I,
p. 180.
40 Some authors suggest that batuques could include religious ceremonies with drums. Tinhorão derives lundu from
calundu, a colonial term for Afro-Brazilian religion. See J.R.Tinhorão, História social da música popular
brasileira (Lisbon: Editiorial Caminho, 1990), p. 80.
41 This is the expression used by the ‘First Constitutions’ of the archdiocese of Bahia in 1707. See Mariza de
Carvalho Soares, Devotos da cor. Identidade étnica, religiosidade e escravidão no Rio dejaneiro, século XVIII (Rio
de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2000), p. 156.
42 M.Karasch, Slave Life in Rio dejaneiro, 1808–1850 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), p. 242.
43 For a further discussion of the category of colonial baroque, see R.Blackburn, The Making of New World
Slavery. From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800 (London: Verso, 1997), pp. 22–3.
44 For a detailed discussion of those two different strategies of domination, see J.J.Reis, ‘Recôncavo rebelde:
revoltas escravas nos engenhos baianos’, Afro-Ásia, 15 (1992), pp. 102–7; and ‘Batuque: African Drumming and
Dance between Repression and Concession: Bahia, 1808–1855’, Bulletin of Latin American Research,
forthcoming, 2004.
45 Karasch, Slave Life, p. 243.
46 Even some persons of higher rank came to like it. The German traveller G.W.Freyreiss related how white ladies
in 1814–1815 ‘frenetically applauded’ a batuque. Quoted in Cascudo, Dicionário, p. 151.
47 K.wa Mukuna, Contribuição Bantu na música popular brasileira: perspectivas etnomusicoóogicas (São Paulo:
Terceira Margem, 2000), p. 132.
48 G.Kubik, ‘Angolan Traits in Black Music, Games and Dances of Brazil. A study of African Cultural Extension
Overseas’, Estudos de Antropologia, No. 10 (Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas, 1979), p. 18.
49 G.Kubik, ‘Afrikanische Musiktraditionen in Brasilien’, in T.de Oliveira Pinto (ed.), Brasilien. Einführung in die
Musiktraditionen Brasiliens (Mainz: Schott, 1986), pp. 124–7.