Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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hamlet Rio Vermelho on 2 February, dedicated to S<strong>an</strong>t’Ana (or the orixá Iem<strong>an</strong>já), the patron saint <strong>of</strong><br />
fishermen, represented the last <strong>of</strong> the major religious festivals. Carnival then closed the <strong>an</strong>nual cycle <strong>of</strong><br />
celebrations in the city <strong>of</strong> Bahia.<br />
In the towns <strong>of</strong> the Recôncavo the festivals dedicated to patron saints provided a similar framework for<br />
the <strong>an</strong>nual cycle <strong>of</strong> celebrations for both the slave <strong>an</strong>d the free population. In S<strong>an</strong>to Amaro in the sugar belt,<br />
for inst<strong>an</strong>ce, 2 February was dedicated to the town’s patron Our Lady <strong>of</strong> the Purification which constituted<br />
the culminating point <strong>of</strong> the nine days <strong>of</strong> celebrations.<br />
Nineteenth-century capoeira<br />
THE CAPOEIRA SCENE IN BAHIA 97<br />
Figure 4.2 Old Afric<strong>an</strong> porters at a c<strong>an</strong>to, Bahia. An import<strong>an</strong>t, <strong>an</strong>d <strong>of</strong>ten-neglected, social context for the development<br />
<strong>of</strong> modern capoeira. Postcard by <strong>an</strong> unknown photographer, from <strong>Art</strong>hur Ramos, O folclore negro do Brasil:<br />
Demopsycholgia e psych<strong>an</strong>alyse (2nd edn, Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro: Caso do Estud<strong>an</strong>te do Brasil, 1954).<br />
In contrast to Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro, documentary evidence for the practice <strong>of</strong> capoeira in Bahia during the<br />
Brazili<strong>an</strong> Empire (1822–1889) is scarce. Prior to the 1860s, only a couple <strong>of</strong> paintings might have some<br />
connection with the later practice <strong>of</strong> capoeira. For inst<strong>an</strong>ce, two early nineteenth-century water colours, <strong>of</strong><br />
unknown authorship, <strong>of</strong>fer different views <strong>of</strong> the city <strong>of</strong> Salvador, with buildings, <strong>an</strong>d squares featuring<br />
inhabit<strong>an</strong>ts pursuing different occupations. Among them some characters, most likely blacks, are<br />
performing movements in the streets. <strong>The</strong>y could be executing a d<strong>an</strong>ce but eventually this might also be <strong>an</strong><br />
allusion to some more martial game. 8 Yet, in my opinion, these paintings do not allow <strong>an</strong>y further<br />
conclusions regarding the existence <strong>of</strong> capoeira in Salvador.<br />
A far more signific<strong>an</strong>t iconographic source is Rugendas’ engraving <strong>of</strong> Salvador (see Figure 4.3). <strong>The</strong><br />
scene is set in a clearing surrounded by tropical vegetation <strong>an</strong>d palm trees, corresponding precisely to the space<br />
called capoeira in Brazil. Four <strong>of</strong> the nine characters—all black or mulattos—are performing movements,<br />
three <strong>of</strong> which c<strong>an</strong> be identified as some kind <strong>of</strong> martial game or d<strong>an</strong>ce. Two are facing each other in what<br />
resembles the ginga (the twentieth-century basic step in capoeira); a third m<strong>an</strong> is assuming a low position,<br />
quite similar to the capoeira defence movement called negativa (‘negation’). <strong>The</strong> five other characters are<br />
watching, talking to each other or cuddling. As m<strong>an</strong>y commentators have noted, the setting corresponds<br />
exactly to what slaves would do when not watched by their master. Furthermore, the association between<br />
martial games <strong>an</strong>d capoeira, in its native Brazili<strong>an</strong> me<strong>an</strong>ing <strong>of</strong> a forest clearing, is undeniable. Rugendas,<br />
however, does not make <strong>an</strong>y comment about this scene in the text <strong>of</strong> his work. In contemporary capoeira