Notes Series editor’s foreword 1 Thomas A.Green <strong>an</strong>d Joseph R.Svinth (eds), <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Art</strong>s in the Modern World (London: Praeger, 2003), p. xi. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid., p. xiii. 4 This volume, p. 3. 5 Ibid., p. 1. 6 John Buch<strong>an</strong>, Montrose (London: Oxford University Press, 1957), p. 423. Introduction 1 As tr<strong>an</strong>slated by G.Downey, ‘Incorporating <strong>Capoeira</strong>: Phenomenology <strong>of</strong> a Movement Discipline’ (PhD thesis, Anthropology, University <strong>of</strong> Chicago, 1998), p. 91. 2 As sung by Alex Muniz on the CD João Pequeno de Pastinha (Salvador: WR Discos, 2000). 3 Revista <strong>Capoeira</strong>, Vol. II, No. 4, p. 4. 4 Research done on 21 February 2003. 5 ‘Auntie cuts hot air to create new image’, <strong>The</strong> Guardi<strong>an</strong>, 27 March 2002. 6 <strong>The</strong> Middle Passage st<strong>an</strong>ds for the second trip in the ‘tri<strong>an</strong>gular trade’ between Europe, Africa <strong>an</strong>d the Americas, when Afric<strong>an</strong> slaves were forced to embark on overcrowded slave-ships <strong>an</strong>d deported to the pl<strong>an</strong>tation colonies <strong>of</strong> the ‘New World’. 7 Downey, ‘Incorporating <strong>Capoeira</strong>’, p. 121. 1 <strong>The</strong> competing master narratives <strong>of</strong> capoeira history 1 ‘A capoeira assim foi criada’, Jornal da <strong>Capoeira</strong>, Vol. 1, No. 1 (São Paulo: <strong>Art</strong>hgraph, 1996), p. 8; reprinted in Revista <strong>Capoeira</strong>, No. 1 (1998), p. 46. <strong>Capoeira</strong> here refers to the Tupi (native Brazili<strong>an</strong>) term for a clearing in the forest where secondary vegetation is growing. 2 S.L.de Souza Vieira, ‘<strong>Capoeira</strong>—Matriz Cultural Para um Educação Física Brasileira’ (MA thesis, São Paulo: PUC, Ciências Sociais, 1997). 3 See for example L.Pereira da Costa, <strong>Capoeira</strong>gem. A arte da defesa pessoal brasileira (Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro: n.e., 1961) p. 11; A.das Areias, O que é capoeira (São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1984), pp. 13, 15–17; M. Burguês, O estudo da capoeira (5th edn, n.p., author’s edition, 1987), p. 2. 4 See for example <strong>Art</strong>es Marciais, special issue ‘<strong>Capoeira</strong>’, n.d., Jornal da <strong>Capoeira</strong>, Vol. 1, No. 1 (São Paulo, 1996), p. 8.
216 NOTES 5 Areias, O que é capoeira, pp. 15, 16. 6 Ibid., p. 17. 7 T.J.Desch-Obi, ‘<strong>Capoeira</strong>: <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Art</strong> as a Spiritual Discipline’, Journal <strong>of</strong> Caribbe<strong>an</strong> Studies (1992), p. 88; L.V.de Sousa Reis, O mundo de pernas para o ar. A capoeira no Brasil (São Paulo: Publisher Brasil, 1997), p. 23. 8 T.J.Nardi, ‘Kapwara: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Afro</strong>-Brazili<strong>an</strong> martial art that features everything from zebra strikes to kicks with a Sharp Surprise!’, World <strong>of</strong> <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Art</strong>s (March/April 1996), p. 34. 9 See LP cover <strong>of</strong> capoeira record by Mestre Nagô; S.G.Wilson, <strong>The</strong> Drummer’s Path. Moving the Spirit with Ritual <strong>an</strong>d Traditional Drumming (Rochester: Destiny Books, 1992), illustration p. 24. 10 R.F.Thompson, comment on LP <strong>Capoeira</strong>. <strong>Afro</strong>-Brazili<strong>an</strong> <strong>Art</strong> Form. Mestre Jelon [Vieira], featuring Gr<strong>an</strong>dmasters João Gr<strong>an</strong>de, Bobó, João Pequeno (New York: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Capoeira</strong> Foundation, 1989). 11 Areias, O que i <strong>Capoeira</strong>, p. 21. 12 For <strong>an</strong> excellent overview <strong>of</strong> available sources on slavery, see Guia Brasileiro de fontes para a história da África, da escravidão negra e do negro na sociedade atual (Brasília, Ministério da Justiça, Arquivo Nacional, Departamento de Imprensa Nacional, 1988). See also A.J.Lacombe, E.Silva, F.de Assis Barbosa, Rui Barbosa e a queima dos arquivos (Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro: Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, 1988). 13 R.Barthes, Mythologies (London: Jonath<strong>an</strong> Cape, 1972) p. 143. 14 T.H.Holloway, Polidng Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro. Repression <strong>an</strong>d Resist<strong>an</strong>ce in a Nineteenth Century City (St<strong>an</strong>ford: St<strong>an</strong>ford University Press, 1993), p. 29. 15 P.Coêlho de Araujo has however found legislation (posturas) from the 1830s–1850s issued by various towns in the province <strong>of</strong> São Paulo that explicitly forbade ‘the practice or exercise <strong>of</strong> the game called capoeira’. Abordagens sócio-<strong>an</strong>tropológicas da luta/jogo da capoeira (Maia, Portugal: Instituto Superior da Maia, 1997), pp. 148–50. 16 As quoted in L.da Câmara Cascudo, Diconário do Folclore Brasileiro (3rd edn, Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro: Tecnoprint, 1972), p. 241. 17 Machado de Assis, Crônicas (1859–1888) (Porto Alegre: Jackson Inc., 1944), Vol. 4, pp. 227–30. 18 See E.Hobsbawm, Nations <strong>an</strong>d Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) <strong>an</strong>d the discussion <strong>of</strong> the Brazili<strong>an</strong> case in M.Chauí, Brasil. Mito fundador e sociedade autoritdria (São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo, 2000), p. 16ff. 19 I choose here two dates which not only reflect Europe<strong>an</strong> chronology but also delimit the Brazili<strong>an</strong> period <strong>of</strong> decolonization from the first <strong>an</strong>ti-colonial conspiracy (Minas Gerais, 1789) to the end <strong>of</strong> the cycle <strong>of</strong> regionalist <strong>an</strong>d radical liberal uprisings (Pernambuco, 1848). 20 D.Moreira Leite, O caráter nacional brasikiro. História de uma Ideologia (2nd edn, São Paulo: Pioneira, 1969) remains a key text on this topic. 21 Moreira Leite, O caráter nacional provides a valuable periodization <strong>of</strong> the Brazili<strong>an</strong> search for the national character. 22 T.Skidmore, Black into White. Race <strong>an</strong>d Nationality in Brazili<strong>an</strong> Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, O espetáculo das raças. Cientistas, instituições e questão racial no Brasil, 1870–1930 (São Paulo: Comp<strong>an</strong>hia das Letras, 1993). 23 K.Mun<strong>an</strong>ga, Rediscutindo a mestiçagem no Brasil. Identidade nacional versus identidade negra (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1999). 24 ‘How the <strong>History</strong> <strong>of</strong> Brazil Should be Written’, in Lewis H<strong>an</strong>ke (ed.) <strong>History</strong> <strong>of</strong> Latin Americ<strong>an</strong> Civilization. Sources <strong>an</strong>d Interpretation (London: Methuen, 1969), Vol. 1, p. 501. 25 B.E.Burns, Nationalism in Brazil (New York: Frederick A.Praeger, 1968), p. 55. 26 Chauí, Brasil. Mito fundador e sociedade autoritária, p. 27. 27 For a more detailed discussion <strong>of</strong> these issues, see J.Lesser, Negotiating National Identity. Immigr<strong>an</strong>ts, Minorities, <strong>an</strong>d the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999). 28 Abreu, Plácido de, Os capoeiras, Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro: Tipografia da Escola de Serafim José Alves, 1886, p. 3.
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Kongo 20, 22, 24 Kongo-Angola cultu
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and establishment of Angola style 1
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Training Centre for Army Officers i