Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
Capoeira: The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art
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CONTEMPORARY CAPOEIRA 179<br />
them are long dead, <strong>an</strong>d it is impossible to ask them if they did recognize their students as having the level<br />
<strong>of</strong> a mestre. 61 Equally import<strong>an</strong>t is the more informal peer recognition at events or street rodas; <strong>an</strong>d<br />
occasionally some teachers are vetoed by some <strong>of</strong> the older mestres to participate in <strong>an</strong> event. As we have<br />
seen, the Brazili<strong>an</strong> state has tried to control the capoeira business through federations, but this was far from<br />
successful. In 1998, president Cardoso passed a new law that regulates the pr<strong>of</strong>ession <strong>of</strong> physical education. 62<br />
Under that law <strong>an</strong>y pr<strong>of</strong>essional needs a diploma in physical education in order to teach capoeira or <strong>an</strong>y<br />
other physical activity, a recognition issued by the Federal Council <strong>of</strong> Physical Education <strong>an</strong>d its regional<br />
outlets. An exception is made only for instructors able to prove they have been teaching for three years<br />
before the adoption <strong>of</strong> the law. Since this regulation will exclude m<strong>an</strong>y capoeira teachers without a formal<br />
diploma, this law <strong>an</strong>d its enforcement have been the object <strong>of</strong> heated debates <strong>an</strong>d a number <strong>of</strong> protests in<br />
recent years.<br />
Two basic types <strong>of</strong> capoeira org<strong>an</strong>izations emerged during the last four decades: groups <strong>an</strong>d federations.<br />
One academy with a mestre or even a teacher c<strong>an</strong> form <strong>an</strong> independent group; but usually groups consist <strong>of</strong><br />
larger associations, where one mestre or a group <strong>of</strong> mestres <strong>an</strong>d teachers maintain training venues in several<br />
locations. <strong>The</strong> federations, in return, aim to establish institutional links between groups. <strong>The</strong> federations’,<br />
<strong>an</strong>d more recently the Brazili<strong>an</strong> Confederation’s, explicit aim was to ‘org<strong>an</strong>ize’ capoeira, providing<br />
guidelines <strong>an</strong>d support for local groups <strong>an</strong>d a framework for more encompassing events. Federations have<br />
been relatively successful in some states, in particular in São Paulo <strong>an</strong>d Rio de J<strong>an</strong>eiro. Yet even here m<strong>an</strong>y<br />
groups felt that this kind <strong>of</strong> umbrella org<strong>an</strong>ization was not helpful, <strong>an</strong>d resented patronizing bureaucrats <strong>an</strong>d<br />
political cooptation. <strong>Capoeira</strong> grew to its present size more through the groups th<strong>an</strong> through federations.<br />
Given the growing national integration <strong>an</strong>d the intensity <strong>of</strong> migrations within Brazil, most if not all groups<br />
import<strong>an</strong>t on a local level rapidly exp<strong>an</strong>ded to acquire a regional <strong>an</strong>d national dimension, thus bypassing the<br />
federations.<br />
Most groups develop a strong identity <strong>an</strong>d expect their nuclei in other states to adhere <strong>an</strong>d conform to<br />
their style, methods, <strong>an</strong>d ideology, usually developed by a core <strong>of</strong> mestres <strong>an</strong>d other ‘org<strong>an</strong>ic’ intellectuals.<br />
<strong>The</strong> style <strong>of</strong> each group provides easier models <strong>of</strong> identification th<strong>an</strong> a federation, always perceived as stateowned<br />
<strong>an</strong>d controlled. <strong>The</strong> groups also develop their own forms <strong>of</strong> administration, but compared to the<br />
bureaucracies <strong>of</strong> state-sponsored sports org<strong>an</strong>izations, this is kept to a minimum, <strong>an</strong>d they usually do not<br />
employ full-time administrators. Federations have always tried to embrace groups, <strong>an</strong>d made them <strong>of</strong>fers to<br />
join. Yet the divergence <strong>of</strong> opinions between particip<strong>an</strong>t groups <strong>an</strong>d the inevitable power struggle for the<br />
direction <strong>of</strong> federations <strong>an</strong>d the CBC have resulted in m<strong>an</strong>y groups refusing to join, or even leaving. A<br />
recent power struggle at CBC, for inst<strong>an</strong>ce, even resulted in the respected M.Suassuna <strong>an</strong>d Damião being<br />
expelled from its Council <strong>of</strong> Mestres. 63 Some mestres whose views did not prevail within a federation set up<br />
rival org<strong>an</strong>izations. M.Paulo Gomes, for example, funded the ACAESP, later exp<strong>an</strong>ded into the Brazili<strong>an</strong><br />
<strong>Capoeira</strong> Association (ABRACAP), in 1984. 64 Thus neither the federations nor the CBC m<strong>an</strong>aged to become<br />
the key institution <strong>of</strong> contemporary capoeira. As M.Luiz Renato stated: ‘It is clear that the groups were the<br />
mode <strong>of</strong> org<strong>an</strong>ization that capoeira chose’. 65<br />
Yet relations between groups c<strong>an</strong> become equally competitive, especially when they try to tap into the<br />
same segment <strong>of</strong> the market. Personal <strong>an</strong>imosities—resentment because a teacher left one group to establish<br />
a rival one, for inst<strong>an</strong>ce—is a further reason for acrimonious relations between groups. <strong>The</strong>se sometimes<br />
become public when members <strong>of</strong> rival groups confront each other in ‘open’ rodas (that is, open to other<br />
groups as opposed to rodas reserved for group members) <strong>an</strong>d provide some background for underst<strong>an</strong>ding<br />
the violence that occasionally occurs in this context.<br />
Some groups have devised elaborate market strategies to foster their growth. For inst<strong>an</strong>ce, they attempt to<br />
recruit teachers already working in areas where they w<strong>an</strong>t to exp<strong>an</strong>d. Or they try to convince reputed mestres