Human Dignity and Bioethics

The Nature and Basis of Human Dignity | 431
Notes
1
See Jenny Teichman, Social Ethics: A Student’s Guide (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).
2
Peter Singer, “All Animals are Equal,” in Morality in Practice, 4th edition, ed.
James P. Sterba (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1994), p. 478, quoting Jeremy
Bentham’s Introduction to the Principles of Moral and Legislation (1789), chapter
17.
3
Peter Singer, op. cit., p. 441.
4
Jeff McMahan, whose views are in other respects more complex than Singer’s,
still holds that only interests are of direct moral concern, and explicitly recognizes
and accepts this logical consequence. See his The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the
Margin of Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 205-206.
5
Peter Singer, op. cit., p. 484, emphasis added.
6
Richard Arneson, “What, If Anything, Renders All Humans Morally Equal?”
in Singer and his Critics, ed. Dale Jamieson (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell,
1999), pp. 103-127, at p. 105.
7
This is our solution to what Richard Arneson calls “the Singer problem.” See
Richard Arneson, loc. cit.
8
Paul Taylor, “The Ethics of Respect for Nature,” in Morality in Practice, 4th edition,
ed. James P. Sterba (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1994), p. 488.
9
Cf. Louis G. Lombardi, “Inherent Worth, Respect, and Rights,” Environmental
Ethics 5 (1983): 257-270.
10
David Oderberg, Applied Ethics: A Non-Consequentialist Approach (Oxford:
Blackwell, 2000), p. 101.
11
For example, Taylor, op. cit.
12
Aristotle, De Anima III.4.
13
See Joel Wallman, Aping Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1992), especially chapters 5 and 6.
14
Cf. Richard J. Connell, Logical Analysis: An Introduction to Systematic Learning
(Edina, Minnesota: Bellwether Press, 1981), pp. 87-93; John Haldane, “The
Source and Destination of Thought,” in Referring to God: Jewish and Christian
Philosophical and Theological Perspectives, ed. Paul Helm (New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 2000); Mortimer Adler, Intellect: Mind Over Matter (New York: Macmillan,
1990); Russell Pannier and Thomas D. Sullivan, “The Mind-Marker,” in Theos, Anthropos,
Christos: A Compendium of Modern Philosophical Theology, ed. Roy Abraham
Varghese (New York: Peter Lang, 2000); James F. Ross, “Immaterial Aspects
of Thought,” Journal of Philosophy 89 (1992): 136-150.
15
Mortimer Adler noted that, upon extended observation of other animals and of
human beings, what would first strike one is the immense uniformity in mode of
living among other animals, in contrast with the immense variety in modes of living
and customs among human beings. See Mortimer Adler, op. cit.
16
Cf. Roger Scruton, Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic (New York:
The Free Press, 1986).
17
This point is developed in James B. Reichmann, Evolution, ‘Animal Rights,’ and