Conrad and Masculinity

216 Notes
However, one knows that Haggard’s heroes (unlike Conrad’s) will succeed
in this aim. See H. Rider Haggard, Allan Quatermain (1887; London: George
Harrap, 1931), dedication, p. 5.
37 King Solomon’s Mines, p. 283.
38 Edward Garnett, Introduction to Letters from Conrad 1895 to 1924 (London:
Nonesuch, 1928), ed. Edward Garnett, p. xiii.
39 Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London and
New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 124.
40 Young, p. 125.
41 Gail Ching-Liang Low, White Skins, Black Masks: Representation and
Colonialism (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 48.
42 Jeremy Hawthorn, who has examined in detail the ideological implications
of Conrad’s use of free indirect discourse, discusses the variety of terminology
used to identify the different ways of representing speech and
thought. See NT, Chapter One. What I am calling interior monologue
might also be termed direct discourse, while what I am terming ‘narratorial
comment’ is usefully defined by Hawthorn as ‘an extra-mimetic
narrative perspective’: that is, a narrative voice from ‘outside the created
world of the fictional text’, ‘from a different level of reality from that in
which the characters live’ (NT, 2, 62).
43 Ruth L. Nadelhaft, Joseph Conrad (Feminist Readings Series) (Hemel
Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), p. 31.
44 Terry Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory
(London: Verso, 1976), p. 135.
45 Linda Ruth Williams, Critical Desire: Psychoanalysis and the Literary Subject
(London: Edward Arnold, 1995), p. 157.
46 Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, in The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. under the general editorship of
James Strachey in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey
and Alan Tyson, 24 vols (London: Hogarth Press, 1953–74), XIX, pp. 1–66
(p. 54).
47 Williams, p. 159.
48 Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in The Standard Edition of the Complete
Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, XVIII, pp. 1–64 (p. 38).
49 Elizabeth Bronfen, entry on ‘death-drive (Freud)’, in Feminism and
Psychoanalysis: A Critical Dictionary, ed. Elizabeth Wright (Oxford and
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992), p. 56.
50 My thinking on this point goes back to a conference paper given by
Padmini Mongia at the 1992 conference of the Joseph Conrad Society
(UK), subsequently published as ‘Ghosts of the Gothic: Spectral Women
and Colonized Spaces in Lord Jim’, CG, 1–15. In the paper and the ensuing
discussion she pointed out the inability of Conrad’s texts to represent
female sexual desire with conviction.
51 Hampson, Betrayal and Identity, p. 26.
52 On focalization, see Gérard Genette, Narrative Discourse, trans. Jane E.
Lewin (1980; Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), pp. 189–94. The conclusion of
Chapter One of Almayer’s Folly (pp. 19–20) is an example of external focalization
on Nina, describing what she sees, but only the references to her
looking ‘eagerly’ and with ‘a steady and anxious gaze’ hint at what her