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Appendix Rel Density 1,9 1,85 1,8 1,75 1,7 1,65 1,6 1,55 1,5 10 100 Mean Normal Pressure (kPa) Soil Bin Adjusted Average Water taken into Consideration Average WO4+6 Water taken into consideration Dense Water taken into Consideration Figure 36: Averaged VCLs with water compressibility taken into consideration One approach to reduce variation was to utilize a much denser initial soil condition. Having done this for three samples shown in Figure 37 indicates as well some variation and more importantly the samples fail before they reach the VCL indicating the soil to be too weak. Thus to get to the soil bin VCL at this higher initial density, a larger confining pressure would be necessary. A VCL created by averaging the VCL data from the dense samples has also been included in Figure 36. Interesting to note is that the average VCL does not reach the soil bin VCL and moreover, shows a different slope. Because of the different slope for the average VCL from the dense soil samples it is strongly argued that a VCL is not a unique line which only depends on the mean normal stress. In contrast it is a line describing soil strength in relation to ratio of the axial and radial stress state. As Figure 38 shows with a denser sample at the same confining pressure a much higher axial loading can be achieved. With the density representing the density commonly used in the soil bin a relationship of 1/3 could be achieved between Sigma 1 and Sigma2/3. In contrast to this, for the dense sample this ratio increased to 1/5. Thus depending on this configuration different VCLs can be gained. Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 229
Appendix Rel. Density 1,7 1,68 1,66 1,64 1,62 1,6 1,58 1,56 1,54 1,52 1,5 1 10 100 Mean Normal Pressure (kPa) Soil Bin VCL Dense VCL1 Dense VCL2 Dense VCL3 Figure 37: VCLs from radial-axial loading at a denser state and their comparison to the Figure 38: Sigma 3 = Sigma 2 σ 2 = σ 3 soil bin VCL 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 -20 0 0 -5 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Sigma σ 1 1 VCL1 VCL3 Dense VCL1 Dense VCL 3 � 1 in relation to � 2 and � 3 depending on intial soil density at same confining pressure of approximately 30 kPa 11.1.5.3 Implications of Triaxial VCLs on predicted Soil Displacement If regression lines are put through the different virgin compression lines and their slope and intercept is fed into COMPSOIL the predicted outcome is compared in Figure 39 for the different approaches. The “Mean Norm = Contact Pressure” gained by assuming contact pressure being equal to mean normal stress agrees well with a typical VCL from the triaxial tests whereby only radial pressure has been applied (VCL only Spherical Pressure). However, this underestimates soil displacement by a factor of 2. If constant confining stress is applied and an axial load impact similar to that in the soil bin is applied, as can be seen from “VCL A+R Cell+Height Quickly”, and if the height change is additionally to the cell volume change Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 230
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Cranfield University School of Appl
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Abstract Ancillary experiments show
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents 4.1.3 Analysis of
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Table of Contents 11.1.1.1 Comparis
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List of Figures and Tables Figure 3
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List of Figures and Tables Figure 1
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Nomenclature NOMENCLATURE Abbreviat
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Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bac
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Introduction � Ansorge, D. and Go
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Introduction 1.2 Aim To elucidate t
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Introduction a) the soil compaction
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Experimental Methods 2.1.1.1 Test F
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Experimental Methods had been mount
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Experimental Methods track; the loa
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Experimental Methods 800/10.5/2.5 t
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Experimental Methods term. In the m
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Experimental Methods Soil Surface F
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Experimental Methods Depth (cm) 0 1
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Experimental Methods ence surface c
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Experimental Methods chine derives
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Experimental Methods depth. The dat
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Experimental Methods with water and
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Experimental Methods 2.4 Statistica
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Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
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Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction Howe
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction not
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction in a
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction diff
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Soil Compaction Models sibilities t
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Soil Compaction Models depends on t
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Soil Compaction Models Wroth (1968)
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Soil Compaction Models however, the
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Soil Compaction Models level. Criti
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Soil Compaction Models Utilizing Ke
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Soil Compaction Models average of m
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models ture content
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Soil Compaction Models with four ot
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Soil Compaction Models Predicted In
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models and 13.7 % b
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Soil Compaction Models Rel. Density
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Soil Compaction Models VCL paramete
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Soil Compaction Models The approach
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Soil Compaction Models surface stay
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Soil Compaction Models This result
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Soil Compaction Models 6.6.1.3 Wate
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Soil Compaction Models σσ 1 (kPA)
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Soil Compaction Models pressure to
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Soil Compaction Models The response
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Soil Compaction Models On medium so
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Soil Compaction Models SOILFLEX tak
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Ancillary Experiments 7 ANCILLARY E
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Ancillary Experiments Average conta
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Ancillary Experiments In order to c
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Ancillary Experiments contrary, the
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 102: S
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Ancillary Experiments track and the
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Ancillary Experiments even when hav
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.2 Influen
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Ancillary Experiments The results f
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 117: S
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Ancillary Experiments Contact Press
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 123: F
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Ancillary Experiments Sinkage (mm)
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Ancillary Experiments model which o
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.5 The Inf
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.7 Discuss
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Ancillary Experiments Terzaghi (194
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Ancillary Experiments contact area.
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Ancillary Experiments soil forward
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Conclusions � The longitudinal so
Page 195 and 196: Bibliography 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboaba
Page 197 and 198: Bibliography Defossez, P., Richard,
Page 199 and 200: Bibliography Gregory, A.S.; Whalley
Page 201 and 202: Bibliography Lamande, M., Schjonnin
Page 203 and 204: Bibliography Seig, D., 1985. Soil C
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 11 APPENDIX Ph.D. Thesis D
Page 207 and 208: Appendix Figure 32: VCL sample at t
Page 209 and 210: Appendix comparison at the deepest
Page 211 and 212: Appendix Estimated Pressure (kPa) 2
Page 213 and 214: Appendix 11.1.1.2.1 SOCOMO One of t
Page 215 and 216: Appendix by Seig (1985) who showed
Page 217 and 218: Appendix Soil water content 15 % an
Page 219 and 220: Appendix Adapting critical state so
Page 221 and 222: Appendix density is obtained by add
Page 223 and 224: Appendix Table 5: Values of constan
Page 225 and 226: Appendix choice of a concentration
Page 227 and 228: Appendix 11.1.3.1 Dense/Hard and Lo
Page 229 and 230: Appendix 11.1.3.2 Stratified Soil C
Page 231 and 232: Appendix To summarize the ability t
Page 233 and 234: Appendix In the following the predi
Page 235 and 236: Appendix concentration factor of 4,
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 11.1.5.1 Confining Pressur
Page 239 and 240: Appendix Figure 24. The VCL created
Page 241 and 242: Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
Page 243 and 244: Appendix relation of � 1 to � 2
Page 245: Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
Page 249 and 250: Appendix Depth (mm) 0,0 100,0 200,0
Page 251 and 252: Appendix Figure 42: Plate in cookin
Page 253 and 254: Appendix � z � � �� k c p
Page 255 and 256: Appendix Table 8: n and k depending
Page 257 and 258: Appendix to the plate sinkage equat
Page 259 and 260: Appendix with a slight deviation fr
Page 261: Appendix Table 12: DBD values for a
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