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Laboratory Studies Into Undercarriage Systems Depth (mm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Penetrometer Resistance (MPa) 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 900/5/0.5 @0.28 m/s 900/5/0.5 @ 0.85 m/s 900/5/0.5 @ 1.52 m/s Control Figure 23: Penetrometer resistance at three speeds and a multi pass of the 900/5/0.5 3.1.2.2 Soil Displacement Soil displacement caused by the three different speeds is shown in Figure 24 without the surface value and the last value at 600 mm depth to remove the systematic outliers originating from the lugs at the surface and the bottom of the bin. With increasing speed soil displacement decreased. Statistically all combinations were significantly different from each other with p-values between 0.014 and < 0.0001 whereby the LSD is 3.6 mm. In the speed range from 0.29 m/s up to 0.85 m/s the soil seemed more prone to changing its be- havior than at speeds higher than 0.85 m/s. In Figure 25 the influence of speed on the average increases in DBD is evaluated; the average increase in DBD is gained as described in 2.2.1.1 utilizing the slope of the soil displacement graphs of Figure 24. Depth (mm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Displacement (mm) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) LSD 0.29 m/s 0.85 m/s 1.52 m/s Figure 24: Soil displacement vs. depth for different speeds for the 900/5/0.5 LSD 34
Laboratory Studies Into Undercarriage Systems Figure 25 shows a linear decrease in DBD increase with increasing speed. The general offset in displacement over the entire depth visible in Figure 24 was not represented ade- quately with the slope for the run at 0.29 m/s. Hence the increase in DBD seemed to decrease linearly and not curvilinear with speed as the overall shape of the curve from Aboaba (1969) implied. The increase in DBD at 0.85 m/s was approximately 20 % greater than at 1.52 m/s. However, this difference is not accompanied by an offset as for 0.29 m/s. Therefore the speed of 0.85 m/s used by Ansorge (2005, a) seems suitable as compromise between real field travel speeds and operational safety. The greater increase in density originating from the experiment at 0.29 m/s emphasizes the possible damage caused to headlands due to slower machine speeds when turning. Increase in DBD 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Average Increase 900/5/0.5 Average Increase (Aboaba) Multi Pass 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 Speed (m/s) Figure 25: Average increase in DBD vs. speed for measured data and multi pass ex- 3.1.2.3 Rut Parameters periment and literature Rut parameters shown in Table 3 support the findings in soil displacement (Section 3.1.2.2). Cross sectional area, rut width, and maximum rut depth all decreased with increasing speed. Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) LSD 35
Page 1 and 2: Cranfield University School of Appl
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Ancillary experiments show
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 4.1.3 Analysis of
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 11.1.1.1 Comparis
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures and Tables Figure 3
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures and Tables Figure 1
Page 15 and 16: Nomenclature NOMENCLATURE Abbreviat
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bac
Page 19 and 20: Introduction � Ansorge, D. and Go
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 1.2 Aim To elucidate t
Page 23 and 24: Introduction a) the soil compaction
Page 25 and 26: Experimental Methods 2.1.1.1 Test F
Page 27 and 28: Experimental Methods had been mount
Page 29 and 30: Experimental Methods track; the loa
Page 31 and 32: Experimental Methods 800/10.5/2.5 t
Page 33 and 34: Experimental Methods term. In the m
Page 35 and 36: Experimental Methods Soil Surface F
Page 37 and 38: Experimental Methods Depth (cm) 0 1
Page 39 and 40: Experimental Methods ence surface c
Page 41 and 42: Experimental Methods chine derives
Page 43 and 44: Experimental Methods depth. The dat
Page 45 and 46: Experimental Methods with water and
Page 47 and 48: Experimental Methods 2.4 Statistica
Page 49: Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
Page 53 and 54: Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
Page 77 and 78: Field Study With Full Size Combine
Page 99 and 100: Alleviation of Soil Compaction Howe
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction not
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction in a
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction diff
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Soil Compaction Models sibilities t
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Soil Compaction Models depends on t
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Soil Compaction Models Wroth (1968)
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Soil Compaction Models however, the
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Soil Compaction Models level. Criti
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Soil Compaction Models Utilizing Ke
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Soil Compaction Models average of m
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models ture content
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Soil Compaction Models with four ot
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Soil Compaction Models Predicted In
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models and 13.7 % b
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Soil Compaction Models Rel. Density
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Soil Compaction Models VCL paramete
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Soil Compaction Models The approach
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Soil Compaction Models surface stay
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Soil Compaction Models This result
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Soil Compaction Models 6.6.1.3 Wate
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Soil Compaction Models σσ 1 (kPA)
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Soil Compaction Models pressure to
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Soil Compaction Models The response
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Soil Compaction Models On medium so
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Soil Compaction Models SOILFLEX tak
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Ancillary Experiments 7 ANCILLARY E
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Ancillary Experiments Average conta
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Ancillary Experiments In order to c
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Ancillary Experiments contrary, the
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 102: S
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Ancillary Experiments track and the
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Ancillary Experiments even when hav
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.2 Influen
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Ancillary Experiments The results f
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 117: S
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Ancillary Experiments Contact Press
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 123: F
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Ancillary Experiments Sinkage (mm)
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Ancillary Experiments model which o
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.5 The Inf
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.7 Discuss
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Ancillary Experiments Terzaghi (194
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Ancillary Experiments contact area.
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Ancillary Experiments soil forward
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Conclusions � The longitudinal so
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Bibliography 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboaba
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Bibliography Defossez, P., Richard,
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Bibliography Gregory, A.S.; Whalley
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Bibliography Lamande, M., Schjonnin
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Bibliography Seig, D., 1985. Soil C
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Appendix 11 APPENDIX Ph.D. Thesis D
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Appendix Figure 32: VCL sample at t
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Appendix comparison at the deepest
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Appendix Estimated Pressure (kPa) 2
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Appendix 11.1.1.2.1 SOCOMO One of t
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Appendix by Seig (1985) who showed
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Appendix Soil water content 15 % an
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Appendix Adapting critical state so
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Appendix density is obtained by add
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Appendix Table 5: Values of constan
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Appendix choice of a concentration
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Appendix 11.1.3.1 Dense/Hard and Lo
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Appendix 11.1.3.2 Stratified Soil C
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Appendix To summarize the ability t
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Appendix In the following the predi
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Appendix concentration factor of 4,
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Appendix 11.1.5.1 Confining Pressur
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Appendix Figure 24. The VCL created
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix relation of � 1 to � 2
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix Rel. Density 1,7 1,68 1,66
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Appendix Depth (mm) 0,0 100,0 200,0
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Appendix Figure 42: Plate in cookin
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Appendix � z � � �� k c p
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Appendix Table 8: n and k depending
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Appendix to the plate sinkage equat
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Appendix with a slight deviation fr
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Appendix Table 12: DBD values for a
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