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Experimental Methods Combine Harvester Lane Direction of Travel 1 2 3 4 5 Subsoiled Working Direction Shallow Tilled Measurement Plot Figure 5: Sandy loam field layout, with shallow tilled and subsoiled parts Combine Harvester Lane Direction of Travel 1 2 Figure 6: Clay field layout 3 4 5 Shallow Tilled Measure ment Plot Due to very wet weather conditions and the fact that the combine harvesters need to run with their grain tank open when harvesting or filled with grain, the variations were reduced to only those with an empty grain tank. As a consequence the plots originally created for the treatment with a full grain tank were converted to a replication of the empty grain tank in the same field. During data analysis this proved to be sensible due to the high variation of the measured parameters in the field and the increased amount of data points to strengthen the statistical analysis. A full grain tank would have added 6 – 7 t to the total weight of the machines depending on moisture content of the grain. The left track of a machine (looking in travel direction) was always chosen for the measurement to avoid errors from load differences between the left and right of the machine Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 12
Experimental Methods track; the load difference can amount to 200 – 400 kg depending on the equipment of the machine (Verhorst, 2006). Measurements were replicated within a wheel rut at 2 m distance from each other as indi- cated by the yellow marks in Figure 5 and Figure 6. The field was assumed to be uniform, hence measurement replications were taken in a particular area to describe the behavior at a given point with high resolution. The uniformity was later confirmed by comparing the control measurements in penetrometer resistance at the different locations - no significant variations could be found. Gaining a further replication by using empty machines alone proved to be statistically sensible. 2.2 Measurements of Parameters 2.2.1 Soil Displacement Soil displacement was measured with two different methods. In the soil bin laboratory talcum powder lines were used as in Ansorge (2005, a) and slightly improved. In the field a new method utilizing fishing hooks was introduced. 2.2.1.1 Soil Displacement Measurement in Soil Bin Laboratory A novel “non - invasive” procedure inspired by a technique of Trein (1995) was used to determine soil displacement (strain) and effective density change. This was achieved by placing longitudinal talcum powder lines into the soil during preparation and the measuring the change in their relative position following each passage of a tyre or track. Four sets of talcum powder lines were placed along the length of the soil bin. The position of the talcum powder lines is located from the digitized output of two drawstring transducers con- nected to a pin drawn to each talcum line appearing in the profile as a point, when the length of each draw string is recorded. Knowing the length of each drawstring and the distance between the drawstring transducers, it is possible to calculate the vertical and hori- zontal coordinates of each point using triangulation formulae. As shown in Figure 7 two points on either side in the undisturbed area are taken as a control and linearly interpolated visualized with the white line to gain the initial coordinates of the central talcum powder points. Compared to the approach taken by Trein (1995) visualization has been enhanced Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 13
Page 1 and 2: Cranfield University School of Appl
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Ancillary experiments show
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 4.1.3 Analysis of
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 11.1.1.1 Comparis
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures and Tables Figure 3
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures and Tables Figure 1
Page 15 and 16: Nomenclature NOMENCLATURE Abbreviat
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bac
Page 19 and 20: Introduction � Ansorge, D. and Go
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 1.2 Aim To elucidate t
Page 23 and 24: Introduction a) the soil compaction
Page 25 and 26: Experimental Methods 2.1.1.1 Test F
Page 27: Experimental Methods had been mount
Page 31 and 32: Experimental Methods 800/10.5/2.5 t
Page 33 and 34: Experimental Methods term. In the m
Page 35 and 36: Experimental Methods Soil Surface F
Page 37 and 38: Experimental Methods Depth (cm) 0 1
Page 39 and 40: Experimental Methods ence surface c
Page 41 and 42: Experimental Methods chine derives
Page 43 and 44: Experimental Methods depth. The dat
Page 45 and 46: Experimental Methods with water and
Page 47 and 48: Experimental Methods 2.4 Statistica
Page 49 and 50: Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
Page 77 and 78: Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction Howe
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction not
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction in a
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction diff
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Soil Compaction Models sibilities t
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Soil Compaction Models depends on t
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Soil Compaction Models Wroth (1968)
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Soil Compaction Models however, the
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Soil Compaction Models level. Criti
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Soil Compaction Models Utilizing Ke
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Soil Compaction Models average of m
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models ture content
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Soil Compaction Models with four ot
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Soil Compaction Models Predicted In
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models and 13.7 % b
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Soil Compaction Models Rel. Density
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Soil Compaction Models VCL paramete
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Soil Compaction Models The approach
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Soil Compaction Models surface stay
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Soil Compaction Models This result
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Soil Compaction Models 6.6.1.3 Wate
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Soil Compaction Models σσ 1 (kPA)
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Soil Compaction Models pressure to
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Soil Compaction Models The response
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Soil Compaction Models On medium so
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Soil Compaction Models SOILFLEX tak
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Ancillary Experiments 7 ANCILLARY E
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Ancillary Experiments Average conta
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Ancillary Experiments In order to c
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Ancillary Experiments contrary, the
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 102: S
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Ancillary Experiments track and the
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Ancillary Experiments even when hav
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.2 Influen
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Ancillary Experiments The results f
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 117: S
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Ancillary Experiments Contact Press
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 123: F
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Ancillary Experiments Sinkage (mm)
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Ancillary Experiments model which o
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.5 The Inf
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.7 Discuss
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Ancillary Experiments Terzaghi (194
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Ancillary Experiments contact area.
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Ancillary Experiments soil forward
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Conclusions � The longitudinal so
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Bibliography 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboaba
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Bibliography Defossez, P., Richard,
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Bibliography Gregory, A.S.; Whalley
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Bibliography Lamande, M., Schjonnin
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Bibliography Seig, D., 1985. Soil C
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Appendix 11 APPENDIX Ph.D. Thesis D
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Appendix Figure 32: VCL sample at t
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Appendix comparison at the deepest
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Appendix Estimated Pressure (kPa) 2
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Appendix 11.1.1.2.1 SOCOMO One of t
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Appendix by Seig (1985) who showed
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Appendix Soil water content 15 % an
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Appendix Adapting critical state so
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Appendix density is obtained by add
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Appendix Table 5: Values of constan
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Appendix choice of a concentration
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Appendix 11.1.3.1 Dense/Hard and Lo
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Appendix 11.1.3.2 Stratified Soil C
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Appendix To summarize the ability t
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Appendix In the following the predi
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Appendix concentration factor of 4,
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Appendix 11.1.5.1 Confining Pressur
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Appendix Figure 24. The VCL created
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix relation of � 1 to � 2
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix Rel. Density 1,7 1,68 1,66
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Appendix Depth (mm) 0,0 100,0 200,0
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Appendix Figure 42: Plate in cookin
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Appendix � z � � �� k c p
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Appendix Table 8: n and k depending
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Appendix to the plate sinkage equat
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Appendix with a slight deviation fr
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Appendix Table 12: DBD values for a
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