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Experimental Methods tightened and the length sticking out of the ground is measured to a reference surface. Knowing the initial length of the fishing line and the excessive length gives the depth at which the hook was placed. After the run the fishing hook is carefully dug out following the fishing line leading to it. Once the top of the hook can be seen, however before it is taken out entirely, the fishing line is tightened and its length above the original reference surface is measured again. This is the final position of the hook and the amount of soil movement relative to the reference surface is the difference in length of the fishing line above the reference surface. This method is sketched in Figure 11. Soil Surface Drilled Hole filled with sand to known depths Before After Length above benchmark Layer Boundary Excavated Hole showing the layer boundaries of the drilled hole after the pass Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) Rut Depth below benchmark Figure 10: Differently colored sand method to determine soil displacement in the field Both methods engage with the surrounding soil and follow the movement of the soil during the treatment. As the distance from the surface to the fishing hooks reduces, caused by the compacting soil, the hook has to be dug out to make sure the fishing line is tight and straight again. This reduction in distance from the soil surface to the hook has the advan- tage that one can be sure that the fishing hook is not physically restrained by the fishing line when it is pressed into the surface during the passage of the vehicle. 18
Experimental Methods Soil Surface Fishing Hook pushed in soil with rod Figure 11: Fishing hook method Before After Length above Benchmark Remaining Hole with tightened fishing line Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) Rut Length above Benchmark Half excavated fishing hook after pass with tightened fishing line View in Travel Direction of Machine Finally the fishing hook method with triple headed fish hooks was selected as filling the holes with sand to a known depth seemed too challenging regarding field conditions with a hole of a diameter not bigger than 5-10 mm in order to minimize soil disturbance. Earth worm holes and other cavities of similar size to the sand hole are able to pick up sand during, but more importantly, after being filled and in the first steps of compaction, hence causing errors to the changes in the depths of the boundaries of the color layers. The fishing hook method was verified in soil bin experiments against the talcum powder line measurements and gave good agreement as shown in Figure 12. The slope was similar and only the offset varied slightly. This is not significant as only 7 fishhooks were com- pared to approximately 120 talcum powder points. Depth (mm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 y = -7,3506x + 374,65 R 2 = 0,9731 Movement (mm) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 y= -7,6821x + 417,77 R 2 = 0,9933 Movement of Fishhooks Movement of Talcum Powder Linear (Movement of Figure 12: Movement of talcum powder and fishhooks in the soil bin under the same experiment 19
Page 1 and 2: Cranfield University School of Appl
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Ancillary experiments show
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 4.1.3 Analysis of
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 11.1.1.1 Comparis
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures and Tables Figure 3
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures and Tables Figure 1
Page 15 and 16: Nomenclature NOMENCLATURE Abbreviat
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bac
Page 19 and 20: Introduction � Ansorge, D. and Go
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 1.2 Aim To elucidate t
Page 23 and 24: Introduction a) the soil compaction
Page 25 and 26: Experimental Methods 2.1.1.1 Test F
Page 27 and 28: Experimental Methods had been mount
Page 29 and 30: Experimental Methods track; the loa
Page 31 and 32: Experimental Methods 800/10.5/2.5 t
Page 33: Experimental Methods term. In the m
Page 37 and 38: Experimental Methods Depth (cm) 0 1
Page 39 and 40: Experimental Methods ence surface c
Page 41 and 42: Experimental Methods chine derives
Page 43 and 44: Experimental Methods depth. The dat
Page 45 and 46: Experimental Methods with water and
Page 47 and 48: Experimental Methods 2.4 Statistica
Page 49 and 50: Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
Page 77 and 78: Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction Howe
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction not
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction in a
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction diff
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Soil Compaction Models sibilities t
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Soil Compaction Models depends on t
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Soil Compaction Models Wroth (1968)
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Soil Compaction Models however, the
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Soil Compaction Models level. Criti
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Soil Compaction Models Utilizing Ke
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Soil Compaction Models average of m
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models ture content
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Soil Compaction Models with four ot
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Soil Compaction Models Predicted In
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models and 13.7 % b
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Soil Compaction Models Rel. Density
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Soil Compaction Models VCL paramete
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Soil Compaction Models The approach
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Soil Compaction Models surface stay
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Soil Compaction Models This result
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Soil Compaction Models 6.6.1.3 Wate
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Soil Compaction Models σσ 1 (kPA)
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Soil Compaction Models pressure to
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Soil Compaction Models The response
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Soil Compaction Models On medium so
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Soil Compaction Models SOILFLEX tak
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Ancillary Experiments 7 ANCILLARY E
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Ancillary Experiments Average conta
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Ancillary Experiments In order to c
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Ancillary Experiments contrary, the
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 102: S
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Ancillary Experiments track and the
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Ancillary Experiments even when hav
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.2 Influen
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Ancillary Experiments The results f
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 117: S
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Ancillary Experiments Contact Press
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 123: F
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Ancillary Experiments Sinkage (mm)
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Ancillary Experiments model which o
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.5 The Inf
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.7 Discuss
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Ancillary Experiments Terzaghi (194
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Ancillary Experiments contact area.
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Ancillary Experiments soil forward
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Conclusions � The longitudinal so
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Bibliography 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboaba
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Bibliography Defossez, P., Richard,
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Bibliography Gregory, A.S.; Whalley
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Bibliography Lamande, M., Schjonnin
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Bibliography Seig, D., 1985. Soil C
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Appendix 11 APPENDIX Ph.D. Thesis D
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Appendix Figure 32: VCL sample at t
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Appendix comparison at the deepest
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Appendix Estimated Pressure (kPa) 2
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Appendix 11.1.1.2.1 SOCOMO One of t
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Appendix by Seig (1985) who showed
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Appendix Soil water content 15 % an
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Appendix Adapting critical state so
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Appendix density is obtained by add
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Appendix Table 5: Values of constan
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Appendix choice of a concentration
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Appendix 11.1.3.1 Dense/Hard and Lo
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Appendix 11.1.3.2 Stratified Soil C
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Appendix To summarize the ability t
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Appendix In the following the predi
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Appendix concentration factor of 4,
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Appendix 11.1.5.1 Confining Pressur
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Appendix Figure 24. The VCL created
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix relation of � 1 to � 2
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix Rel. Density 1,7 1,68 1,66
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Appendix Depth (mm) 0,0 100,0 200,0
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Appendix Figure 42: Plate in cookin
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Appendix � z � � �� k c p
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Appendix Table 8: n and k depending
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Appendix to the plate sinkage equat
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Appendix with a slight deviation fr
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Appendix Table 12: DBD values for a
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