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Experimental Methods 2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS This chapter contains a description of the experimental environment in both the laboratory and the field (Section 2.1) followed by a detailed explanation of the measured parameters (Section 2.2) and a description of test procedures utilizing the triaxial test cell apparatus (Section 2.3). 2.1 Experimental Environment and Set Up This section specifies the details on soil conditions, test set up, and tyres and tracks utilized in the soil bin laboratory in which the drive units of full size combine harvesters were simulated. Additionally the details of the field site experiment with full size machinery are provided; i.e. soil conditions, machine configurations and experimental set up. 2.1.1 Soil Bin Laboratory Conditions The study was conducted in the soil bin laboratory of <strong>Cranfield</strong> <strong>University</strong>, Silsoe. The soil bin is 20 m long, 1.7 m wide, and was prepared to a depth of 750 mm with a soil processor. The soil used was a sandy loam (Cotternham series; King, 1969) with 17 % clay, 17 % silt and 66 % sand and water content was maintained at 10% dry base. A uniform soil condi- tion was prepared to a dry bulk density of 1.4 g/cm 3 chosen to represent soil with a rela- tively low bearing capacity where tracks and large size tyres would have value in agricul- tural practice. The initial penetrometer resistance of such a soil is shown in Figure 2. Depth (mm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Penetrometer Resistance (Mpa) 0 0,5 1 1,5 Figure 2: Initial penetrometer resistance profile from the soil bin prepared to uniform soil conditions Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 8
Experimental Methods 2.1.1.1 Test Frame To be able to test the harvester tyres and the track on the front axle a test apparatus was designed and built in accordance with the requirements of the study and the soil bin. The apparatus, shown in Figure 3 with a track unit before (left) and a 900 mm section width tyre after a run (right), allows the application of 0 – 14 t onto a self propelled wheel or track mounted to a standard Claas Lexion axle using a hydraulic cylinder. A detailed description of the single wheel/track tester used can be found in Ansorge (2005, b). Figure 3: Single Wheel/Track test apparatus with a track (left) and a tyre (right) The implement tyres which are fitted to the rear axle of a combine harvester, were placed in a test rig towed by the soil processor of the soil bin whereby the tyre is mounted to a continuous axle supporting the frame which takes up the load boxes supplying the required load. In this test rig the load has to be taken off after each run. 2.1.1.2 Tyres and Tracks The details of all tyres and tracks loaded to 1.5 – 12 t are given at the beginning of each chapter on results. The list of rear tyres loaded to 4.5 t and undercarriage configurations used to simulate machines in the range of 11 – 33 t is provided in Section 3.2. Detailed information on tracks at 12 t load is given in Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 for different belt ten- sions and track types, respectively. The self propelled tyres run at approximately 10 % and the rubber tracks at approximately 5 % slip (Ansorge, 2005, b). Ph.D. Thesis Dirk Ansorge (2007) 9
Page 1 and 2: Cranfield University School of Appl
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Ancillary experiments show
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents 4.1.3 Analysis of
Page 9 and 10: Table of Contents 11.1.1.1 Comparis
Page 11 and 12: List of Figures and Tables Figure 3
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures and Tables Figure 1
Page 15 and 16: Nomenclature NOMENCLATURE Abbreviat
Page 17 and 18: Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Bac
Page 19 and 20: Introduction � Ansorge, D. and Go
Page 21 and 22: Introduction 1.2 Aim To elucidate t
Page 23: Introduction a) the soil compaction
Page 27 and 28: Experimental Methods had been mount
Page 29 and 30: Experimental Methods track; the loa
Page 31 and 32: Experimental Methods 800/10.5/2.5 t
Page 33 and 34: Experimental Methods term. In the m
Page 35 and 36: Experimental Methods Soil Surface F
Page 37 and 38: Experimental Methods Depth (cm) 0 1
Page 39 and 40: Experimental Methods ence surface c
Page 41 and 42: Experimental Methods chine derives
Page 43 and 44: Experimental Methods depth. The dat
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Page 47 and 48: Experimental Methods 2.4 Statistica
Page 49 and 50: Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
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Laboratory Studies Into Undercarria
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Field Study With Full Size Combine
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction Howe
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction not
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction in a
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Alleviation of Soil Compaction diff
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Soil Compaction Models sibilities t
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Soil Compaction Models depends on t
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Soil Compaction Models Wroth (1968)
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Soil Compaction Models however, the
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Soil Compaction Models level. Criti
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Soil Compaction Models Utilizing Ke
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Soil Compaction Models average of m
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models ture content
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Soil Compaction Models with four ot
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Soil Compaction Models Predicted In
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Soil Compaction Models Depth (mm) -
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Soil Compaction Models and 13.7 % b
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Soil Compaction Models Rel. Density
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Soil Compaction Models VCL paramete
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Soil Compaction Models The approach
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Soil Compaction Models surface stay
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Soil Compaction Models This result
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Soil Compaction Models 6.6.1.3 Wate
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Soil Compaction Models σσ 1 (kPA)
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Soil Compaction Models pressure to
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Soil Compaction Models The response
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Soil Compaction Models On medium so
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Soil Compaction Models SOILFLEX tak
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Ancillary Experiments 7 ANCILLARY E
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Ancillary Experiments Average conta
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Ancillary Experiments In order to c
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Ancillary Experiments contrary, the
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 102: S
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Ancillary Experiments track and the
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Ancillary Experiments even when hav
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.2 Influen
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Ancillary Experiments The results f
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 117: S
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Ancillary Experiments Contact Press
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Ancillary Experiments Figure 123: F
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Ancillary Experiments Sinkage (mm)
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Ancillary Experiments model which o
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.5 The Inf
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Ancillary Experiments 7.3.7 Discuss
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Ancillary Experiments Terzaghi (194
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Ancillary Experiments contact area.
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Ancillary Experiments soil forward
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Conclusions � The longitudinal so
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Bibliography 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY Aboaba
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Bibliography Defossez, P., Richard,
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Bibliography Gregory, A.S.; Whalley
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Bibliography Lamande, M., Schjonnin
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Bibliography Seig, D., 1985. Soil C
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Appendix 11 APPENDIX Ph.D. Thesis D
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Appendix Figure 32: VCL sample at t
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Appendix comparison at the deepest
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Appendix Estimated Pressure (kPa) 2
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Appendix 11.1.1.2.1 SOCOMO One of t
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Appendix by Seig (1985) who showed
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Appendix Soil water content 15 % an
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Appendix Adapting critical state so
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Appendix density is obtained by add
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Appendix Table 5: Values of constan
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Appendix choice of a concentration
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Appendix 11.1.3.1 Dense/Hard and Lo
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Appendix 11.1.3.2 Stratified Soil C
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Appendix To summarize the ability t
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Appendix In the following the predi
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Appendix concentration factor of 4,
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Appendix 11.1.5.1 Confining Pressur
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Appendix Figure 24. The VCL created
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix relation of � 1 to � 2
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Appendix Rel. Density 2 1,9 1,8 1,7
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Appendix Rel. Density 1,7 1,68 1,66
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Appendix Depth (mm) 0,0 100,0 200,0
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Appendix Figure 42: Plate in cookin
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Appendix � z � � �� k c p
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Appendix Table 8: n and k depending
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Appendix to the plate sinkage equat
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Appendix with a slight deviation fr
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Appendix Table 12: DBD values for a
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