Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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List of Photographs Chapter 3: Study area Photograph 1. Alpine and sub-alpine areas in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 2. Pastures and agricultural land in the study area. Photograph 3. Juniperus, Rhododendron and Betula species in study area. Photograph 4. Livestock in sub-alpine area of study area. Photograph 5. Digging activity of brown bear in study area. Photograph 6. Brown bear feeding on Rumex nepalensis in study area. Chapter 4: Feeding ecology of brown bear Photograph 1. Brown bear foraging on Rumex nepalensis in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 2. Digging by brown bear for feeding on plants and ants in Sarni dhar, subalpine area. Photograph 3. Digging by brown bear showing feeding signs on Rumex nepalensis. Photograph 4. Fresh diggings by brown bear to feed on Rumex nepalensis. Photograph 5. Important food plants of brown bear in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 6. Important food plants of brown bear in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 7. Collection of bear scats containing ‘bharesh’ seeds in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 8. Fresh scat of brown bear in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 9. Fresh scat of brown bear containing wheat leaves. Photograph 10. Brown bear scat containing seeds in barley crop field.
Photograph 11. Collection of brown bear scats from wheat field in Dalatu agricultural area. Photograph 12. Brown bear scat showing maize seeds. Photograph 13. Brown bear scat containing barley seeds. Photograph 14. Brown bear scat showing Prunus persica (aru) fruits. Photograph 15. Scat showing fruits of Prunus persica eaten by brown bear. Photograph 16. Brown bear scat showing mushroom, Morchella esculenta. Photograph 17. Brown bear scat with bones and hairs of sheep/goat. Photograph 18. Ants, preferred food of brown bear in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Chapter 5: Habitat use by brown bear Photograph 1. Himalayan moist temperate forest with conifers habitat in Kangru reserve forest. Photograph 2. Agricultural land and Mixed forest with conifer and broad leaf species habitats in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 3. Dry alpine scrub characterized by Juniperus spp. habitat in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 4. Moist sub-alpine scrub with Rhododendron campanulatum habitat. Photograph 5. Grassland with forest blanks habitat. Photograph 6. Near water bodies, river and streams and Mixed coniferous forest habitats. Photograph 7. Exposed rock with slope grasses habitat. Photograph 8. Riverine Forest and Mixed coniferous forest habitats.
Page 1 and 2: Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
Page 3 and 4: Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
Page 9: Figure 5. Presence of food items in
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
Page 15 and 16: logistic support in the alpine and
Page 17 and 18: Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62:
ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64:
Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66:
A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74:
these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76:
were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78:
Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84:
(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110:
ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114:
Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116:
found mainly dependent on availabil
Page 117 and 118:
availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122:
slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128:
Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136:
1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150:
Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152:
The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154:
Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159:
Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163:
Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167:
4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169:
During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171:
17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173:
References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175:
Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177:
Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183:
Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201:
Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207:
Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211:
Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217:
Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219:
Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229:
Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231:
Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233:
Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 234 and 235:
4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
Page 236 and 237:
vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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