Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the brown bear in Pakistan. Ursus, 18(1). Nedelec, L., Arthur, C.P., and Chaumeil, D. (1995). Evolution spatio-temporelle et caracteristiques ecoethologiques des attaques d‟ ours sur betail domestique dans les Pyreneesnoccidentales francais de 1968-1991. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9: 338-363. (In French) Nelson, R.A. (1973). Winter sleep in the black bear: A physiologic and metabolic marvel. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 48: 733-37. Nelson, R.A. (1980). Protein and fat metabolism in hibernating bears. Federal Proceeding, 39: 2955-58. Nelson, R.A., Steiger, D.L., and Beck, T.D.I. (1983a). Neuroendocrine and metabolic interactions in the hibernating black bear. Acta Zoology Fennica, 174: 137-41. Neu, C.W., Byers, C.R. and Peek, J.M. (1974). A technique for analysis of utilization- availability data. Journal of Wildlife Management, 38: 541-545. Nishio, Y., Sakamoto, Y. and Aoi, T. (2006). Food habits of Japanese black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) in outskirts of Tohoku district, Japan. Proceeding of the 17 th International Conference on Bear Research and Management. October 2 nd -6 th , Nagano, Japan. Page 127. Norussis, M.J. (1994). SPSS/PC+ statistical data analysis: SPSS Inc., Headquarters, S. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois. Nowak, R. and Paradiso, J. (1983). Walker‟s mammals of the World, Vol. II. John Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 1362 pp 179
Noyce, K.V., Kannowski, P.B. and Riggs, M.R. (1997). Black bears as ant-eaters: seasonal associations between bear myrmecopagy and ant ecology in north- central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 1671-1686. Nozaki, E., Azuma, S., Aoi, T., Torii, H., Ito, T. and Maeda, K. (1983). Food habits of Japanese black bear. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 5: 106-109. Ohdachi, S. and Aoi, T. (1987). Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan. International Conference on Bear Research And Management, 7: 215-220. Oli, M.K., Jacobson, H.A. and Leopold, B.D. (1997). Denning ecology of black bears in the White River National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61: 700-706. Onoyama, K. and Haga, R. (1982). New record of four fetuses in a litter of Yeso brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis) Lydekker with mention of prenatal growth and development. Journal of the Mammal Society of Japan, 9: 1-8. Osti, F. (1975). Contibuto alla conoscenza delle abitudini alimentary dell‟orso bruno delle alpi. Studi Tr. Sc.Nat., Trento. 52: 231-255. (In Italian) Osti, F. (1987) Status of a ramnant brown bear population in Trentino, Italy. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 7: 17-18. Ostroumov, A.G. (1968). Aerial surveys and census of brown bears in Kamchatka and some behavioral observations. Bulletin Moscow Organization for Investigation of Nature, Biology Branch, 73: 35-50. (In Russian) Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1993). Mammalian species: Ursus arctos. American Society of Mammalogy, 439: 1-10. 180
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167: 4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229: Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231: Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233: Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 234 and 235: 4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
Page 236 and 237: vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239: E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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