Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (1990). Grizzly bear predation on elk calves and other fauna of Yellowstone National Park. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8: 329-334. Gurung, M.K. (2004). Brown bear observation in the Damodar Kunda Valley, Mustang District, Nepal. International Bear News, November, 13(4): 12-14. Haglund, B. (1968). De stora rovdjurens vintervanor 2. (Winter behaviour of large carnivores 2.) Viltrevy, 5: 213-361. (In Swedish). Hamer, D. and Herrero, S. (1987b). Grizzly bear food and habitat in the Forest ranges of Baniff National Park, Alberta. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 7: 199-213. Hamer, D. and Herrero, S. (1990). Courtship and use of mating areas by grizzly bears in the Front Ranges of Baniff National Park, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 2695-97. Hamer, D. and Herrero, S. (1991). Elk, Cervus elaphus, calves as food for grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, in Baniff National Park, Alberta. The Canadian Field- Naturalist, 105: 101-103. Hamer, D., Herrero, S. and Brady, K. (1991). Food and habitat used by grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, along the continental divide in Waterton lakes National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field Naturalist, 105: 325-329. Hamilton, A.N., and Bunnell, F.L. (1987). Foraging strategies of coastal grizzly bears in the Kimsquit river valley, British Columbia. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 7: 187-197. 163
Hamilton, R.J. and Marchinton, R.L. (1980). Denning and related activities of black bears in the coastal planes of North Carolina. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 4: 121-126. Haroldson, M.A., Ternent, M.A., Gunther, K.A. and Schwartz, C.C. (2002). Grizzly bear denning chronology and movements in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus, 13: 29-37. Hazumi, T. (1994). Status of Japanese black bear. International Conference on bear Research and Management, 9(1): 145-148. Hazumi, T. (1999). Status and management of the Asiatic black bear in Japan. Pages 207-211 in C. Servheen, S. Herrero, and B. Peyton, Compilers. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN (World Conservation Union), Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, U.K. Hechtel, J.L. (1985). Activity and food habits of barren ground grizzly bears in Arctic Alaska. Thesis, <strong>University</strong> of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA. Hellgren, E.C. (1998). Physiology of hibernation of bears. Ursus, 10: 467-477. Hellgren, E.C. and Vaughan, M.R. (1989). Denning ecology of black bears in a southeastern wetland. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53: 347-353. Hensel, R.J., Troyer, W.A. and Erickson, A.W. (1969). Reproduction in the female brown bear. Journal of Wildlife Management, 33: 357-65. Herrero, S. (1972). Aspects of evolution and adaptation in American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas) and brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos Linne) of North America. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 2: 221- 230. 164
Page 1 and 2:
Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167: 4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229: Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231: Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233: Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 234 and 235: 4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
Page 236 and 237:
vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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