Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber of earning members: ………… ………….. . ii. Members involved in agriculture ………… Male (s) ……….. Female(s) ….……. …… . iii. Private ………… Rs ……… Yearly; Government …… Rs.. .. ………… Month iv. No. of dependents: ………………………… B. Livestock i. No. of livestock: …………………………. ii. Category Adult Young ones Cow [ ] [ ] Bull [ ] [ ] Goat [ ] [ ] Sheep [ ] [ ] Horse/Mule [ ] [ ] Poultry [ ] [ ] iii. Are your livestock stall-fed: Yes/No iv. Are Livestock taken in forests for grazing? Yes/No No. of livestock …………… v. Members accompanying livestock in forests: Adult Sub-adult Male(s) ………… …………… Female(s) ………… …………… vi. Which period: Time period: a.m. p.m. Month(s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec vii. No. of milching animals ……………. No. of non-milching animals ……………… ……... viii.Used in Agriculture: Bull [ ] Horse/Mule [ ] ix. How livestock are kept in village houses? Livestock sheds: Concrete Kutcha Wooden Door Outside C. Agricultural practices: i. Crops grown: Wheat, Mustard, Jowar, Maize, Rajma, potato, ….. … …. …. ….. ….. ….. ….. . 211
ii. Extent of area under different crops: Wheat Mustard Jowar, Maize Rajmash Potato Any other ……………. iii. Farming facilities (Tick mark): Tractor, tubewell, plough, . ……. ……….. ……………… iv. Crop damage: Wild animals …….. Pests ……. Disease Water scarcity ……... v. Crop pattern: Crops Sowing time (Mo) Wheat Maize Barley Bharesh Phulan Potato Seeds sown per bigha 212 Cost of seeds (Rs) vi. Crop damage by different wild animals. Tick mark (+ or --). Crops Brown bear Wheat Maize Barley Bharesh Phulan Potato Rajmash Black bear Common langur Harvesting time (Mo) Crop yield (Kg) Total damage (%)
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
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Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217: Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219: Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229: Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231: Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233: Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 236 and 237: vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239: E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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