Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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The climate of the area is typically temperate and alpine type. From December to March, temperature remains less than 10º C and comes down to –10º C because of heavy snowfall. The change over from winter to summer is gradual. The summer temperature goes up to 25 C. During March and April, weather is cool and bright, and the temperature begins to rise rapidly after the middle of April and continue till end of the rainy season in July. Month of October and November are comparatively dry and cold weather usually starts by the middle of November. The annual rainfall in the Kugti wildlife sanctuary is recorded 1400mm. As a whole, the climate is temperate with well-marked seasons. The south facing physical environment in the Kugti wildlife sanctuary can be described as rocky terrain with frequent outcrops of huge boulders, slate and rock faces while north facing part of sanctuary are having dense mixed forests. 3.3 Vegetation The major vegetation types in the Kugti wildlife sanctuary include Temperate broad leaf (12/C 1e), Temperate conifer forest (12/C 1f), Moist deodar forest (l2/C 1c), Blue pine (12/2 S 1), Blue pine and spruce (12/C lc), Temperate broad leaf conifer (I 2/C 1d), Sub-alpine forest (I4/C 1b), Temperate secondary scrub (12/C 1/DS2), Alpine scrub (IS/C 1), Birch Rhododendron or stunted forest (IS/C 2/E1), Temperate grasslands (l2/D S3), Alpine meadows (1S/C 3) and a several intermediate and secondary seral stages (Champion and Seth, 1968). Map 2 shows the vegetation and landcover with broad habitat categories in Kugti wildlife sanctuary. Photograph 2 shows gots or pastures and agricultural land in the sanctuary area. 42
A list of angiosperms and gymnosperms occurring in Kugti wildlife sanctuary was prepared based on the earlier miscellaneous reports (cited in Chowdhery and Wadhwa, 1984) and a brief reconnaissance survey report (Rawat, 1998). During the present study, a checklist of flora with important plant species found in the sanctuary has been prepared and shown Appendix I. The flora found to be comprised of about 88 families, 260 genera and 496 species. Of these, 75 families, 218 genera and 428 species belong to dicots and remaining are monocots. Some of the rare and endangered species found within the sanctuary are Delphinium uncinatum, Erysimum thomsonii, Megacarpaea polyandra, Picrasma quasioides, Valeriana pyrolaefolia, Gentiana kuroo, Arnebia benthamii, Eremurus himalaicus and Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Large families of flowering plants include Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae and Lamiaceae. Several species of local economic importance are patish (Aconitum heterophyllum), mitha parish (Aconitum violaceum), Bankakri (Podophyllum hexandrum), Himalayan blue poppy (Meconopsis aculeata), Megacarpaea polyandra, dhoop (Jurinea macrocephala), ratanjot (Macrotomia benthaml), karu (Picrorhiza kurrooa) and salam panja (Dactylorhiza hatagirea). A few tree species planted within the sanctuary are angu (Fraxinus macrantha), walnut (Juglans regia), and horse chestnut (Aesculus indica). Much of the temperate belt (3000m), especially on the south facing slope is characterized by the secondary scrub and grassy slopes. The characteristic grass species include Phaceleurus speciosus, Chrysopogon gryllus, Danthonia cachemyriana, Koeleria cristata, Andropogon munroi and Themeda anathera. The steeper north facing and rocky slopes have largely spruce and fir. At higher slopes 43
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
Page 13 and 14: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
Page 15 and 16: logistic support in the alpine and
Page 17 and 18: Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 67 and 68: (Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70: Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72: 1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74: these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76: were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78: Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80: Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
Page 81 and 82: the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84: (Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86: and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88: constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92: Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94: Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
Page 95 and 96: Table 3. Availability of food items
Page 97 and 98: Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
Page 99 and 100: omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
Page 101 and 102: systematic information is available
Page 103 and 104: 5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
Page 105 and 106: for Agricultural land category and
Page 107 and 108: 5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110: ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112: gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114: Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
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Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
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1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
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division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
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Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
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Livestock depredation by brown bear
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The studies conducted in India and
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Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
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Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
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Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
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Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
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Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
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7. Suggestions and recommendations
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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
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During evening and night time, the
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17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
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References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
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Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
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Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
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Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
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Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
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Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
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Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
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Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
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Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
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Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
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Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
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Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
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Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
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Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
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Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
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Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
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Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
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Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
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Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
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Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
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Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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