Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, there is increasing biotic pressure due livestock grazing, collection of medicinal plants and other non-timber forest produce, and to some extent fuelwood extraction. All these factors together might be affecting the habitat use and movement pattern of brown bear in these areas. Number of livestock population brought by the migratory shepherds in the sanctuary area is on the increase in alpine pastures, as a result, the prime habitats of brown bears and other wild animals are severely impacted. There is need for planning strategies for regulation of livestock grazing, imposing restriction on collection of medicinal plants in the highly preferred habitat use areas. 5. For mitigation of human-brown bear conflicts under given socio-economic and political framework, one of the ways is to minimize the ill effects of socio economic constraints and socio-ecological constraints in these areas. Livestock killings and agricultural and horticultural crop damage are the socio-ecological constraint identified. To minimize their ill effects on people, education and awareness programmes related to wildlife conservation, ecology of brown bear and genesis of human-brown bear menace is necessary. 6. In and around Kugti wildlife sanctuary, there were only a few cases of human casualties by black bear, which were accidental, and there was no incidence of human casualty by brown bear. The problem here is not significant; however people should be alert and vigilant moving in wildlife areas. 7. Graziers parties use 22 pastures permanently for grazing their livestock in the sanctuary, and they took 11,940, 12,970 and 13, 480 sheep and goats during the 143
year 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. There should be strict regulation on number of livestock which are taken by the shepherds inside the sanctuary, and also on the use of pastures. The grazing should be permitted only in prescribed number of dhars. 8. During 2002-2004, there were a total of 1539 livestock casualties by brown bears in 12 dhars from April to October months. Livestock depredation was high in all these pastures. There might be large number of livestock depredation in 22 dhars of the sanctuary which perhaps could not be timely reported. Most incidences of bear attacks on livestock killings occurred in gots, followed by forests. It is suggested that livestock grazing should be restricted to these pastures only and not near the scrub bushes and on the fringes of forests. They should have strict vigil and keep more number of guardian dogs. 9. Livestock depredation varied in different months; maximum depredation occurred during August, followed by September, July, June, May and October. Also maximum livestock depredation occurred during night time, especially mid night, followed by day time, evening and then morning time during 2002-2004. The shepherds should have strict vigil and cooperative guarding during the months and time when brown bears are most active and depredation is high. 10. Though livestock depredation occurred in both situations when attended by graziers and not attended by graziers, but depredation might be more when unattended by graziers. So the livestock when taken to gots, the livestock must be attended by more number of shepherds depending on herd size and location. 144
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Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
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Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
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Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
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List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
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Figure 5. Presence of food items in
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Photograph 11. Collection of brown
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
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logistic support in the alpine and
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Summary The brown bear is widely di
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own bears and seasonal difference i
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use of these habitat categories. Si
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Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
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Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
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1.2 Status of bear species All bear
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human beings. The resources availab
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protection methods have been studie
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viii. The study will also help sugg
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Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
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hence created their own dens. Brown
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2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
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evealed that although both preferre
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Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
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and ground nesting birds and their
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kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
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during early summer (Hamer and Herr
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1983a). Although insects constitute
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fruits and mammals. Their study als
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geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
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commodities in their search for alt
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Yellowstone National Park between 1
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ear-livestock interactions were rep
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Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
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A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
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(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
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Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
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1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
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these scats were separately placed
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were analysed, and the proportion o
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Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
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Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
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(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
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and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
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constituted a major portion of earl
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Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
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Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
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Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
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ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
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gentle slope terrain was found to b
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Exposed rock with slope grasses and
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Page 119 and 120: Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
Page 121 and 122: slope terrain was found to be highe
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
Page 125 and 126: Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128: Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
Page 129 and 130: Table 7. Proportional availability
Page 131 and 132: Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
Page 133 and 134: livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136: 1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
Page 137 and 138: develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140: division, Chamba wildlife division,
Page 141 and 142: in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
Page 143 and 144: Different plant species, phenologic
Page 145 and 146: Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148: Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150: Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152: The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158: Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159: Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163: Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165: 7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 168 and 169: During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171: 17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173: References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175: Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177: Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179: Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181: Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183: Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185: Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187: Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189: Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191: Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193: Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195: Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197: Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199: Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201: Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203: Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205: Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207: Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209: Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211: Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213: Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215: Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
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Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
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Continued S. No. Common name Genus
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Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
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Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
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Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
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Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
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Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
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4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
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vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
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E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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