Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar, Bhiad dhar, Andharli Kinnaur dhar, Ghei dhar,
Duggi dhar, Sarni dhar, Bhunkar dhar, Bhug dhar, Andharali Dhamel dhar and Mundi
dhar dhar during this period. All the livestock killings took place from April to
October months when graziers were present in these pastures and brown bears were
active in these areas. Bears were actively feeding on herbaceous plants and also on
livestock during this period. Yearly variation in livestock killings by bears in different
dhars might be attributed to number of livestock present in these dhars, chance of
interaction between bears and livestock, level of protection to livestock by shepherds
and guarding dogs, availability of other food resources and also to number of bears
present in this entire area.
Several studies on bears also revealed predation on sheep, goats and other livestock.
In general, grizzly bears and sheep were found not compatible. Although sheep losses
to grizzly bears were found not as high as from other causes, they were large enough
to represent an economic loss to the herders (Knight and Judd, 1983). In the Targhee
National Forest, predation by grizzly bears accounted for 14.6% of sheep losses in
1976 and 1977 (Johnson and Griffel, 1982). This was not very significant when losses
due to herding practices were over twice as great. Warren and Mysterud (1995)
monitored sheep mortality in Hedmark County in southeastern Norway and found
summer mortality rates from bear depredation to be 7.2% for ewes and 9.1% for
lambs. Similarly, another study in central Norway, revealed that among 337
radiocollared lambs, 37 were died, and 14 (42.4%) lambs were predated upon by
bears (Knarrum et al., 2006). A study on bear-sheep interactions in Targhee National
Forest, Idaho, and Wyoming during 1976-1977 indicated that limited occurrence of
available food in spring and early summer increased the chance of interaction, and
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