Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

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With gratitude, I would like to thank the Chief Wildlife Warden, Himachal Pradesh Forest and Wildlife Department for according me the necessary permission for conducting research on such a wonderful bear species in the Kugti wildlife sanctuary. I greatly appreciate the support and trust of Conservator forest, Divisional forest officers, Range officers and forest staff of Chamba and Bharmaur divisions. Without their support, conducting research in the field areas would not have been possible. In deeply thank the former Director of Wildlife Institute of India, Shri S.K. Mukherjee, for giving me the permission to conduct research on Himalayan brown bear. His successors, Shri V.B. Sawarker, Shri Singsit, and the present Director Shri P.R. Sinha have greatly supported my research and provided all necessary facilities at this institute. I sincerely thank all of them. I truly and deeply wish to thank several of the faculty members of WII, especially Dean Dr. V.B. Mathur, Dr. G.S. Rawat, Dr. S. Sathyakumar, Dr. V.P. Uniyal and Dr. Bitapi Sinha, who provided me their guidance, support and cooperation in several ways. Shri Virender Sharma of DTP section helped me thesis preparation, and Shri Vinod Thakur provided assistance in scat analysis. I thank both of them. I am thankful to Dr. Harendra Singh Bargali and Dr. Naim Akhtar for their guidance and cooperation in several ways in WII. I wish to thank my all family members, my mother, uncles, brother, sisters, Shri Umesh Rathore, cousins Jaggu Rajiv, Ramesh, Dinesh, Rohit, Beenu, father-in-law Shri Shakti Prashsd and brother-in-law Sanju and Pinchu, who had been a source of constant encouragement. I express my deep sense of gratitude to all the nomadic shepherds of Kugti wildlife sanctuary, who provided me information on livestock depredation problem and ii
logistic support in the alpine and sub-alpine field areas during the course of my study. I would also like to acknowledge the help of villagers living in Kugti. At the wildlife Institute of India, I would like to thank Shri Devender Thakur, Kuldeep Barwal, Randeep Singh, Vivek Joshi and Rajkishore Mohanta for their help in data analysis and writing thesis. I am particularly obliged to Shri Avadhoot D. Valankar for his constant help in data analysis and preparation of thesis. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my Principal, Shri L.R. Sharma, Govt. P.G. College, Solan, and Dr. K.C. Kapoor, Govt. P.G. College, Chamba, and my colleagues Dr. Gopal Sharma, Dr. Shiv Dayal, Dr. Lekh Raj, Shri Vidhya Sagar, Shri Suresh Sharma, Shri Yugal Kishore Marwah, Shri Mohinder Salariya, Shri Ashwani Kaushal, Shri Laxman Singh Pathania, Shri Parminder Kumar and Shri Harinder Puri for their support and encouragement during all these years. I also thank Dr. Ramesh Verma, Dr. Pramod Chauhan, Dr. Rajesh Chauhan and Dr. Gian Thakur for their constant guidance and encouragement. I thank my friend Shri Rajesh Singh Charak for giving me the tips for good photographic work. I am highly thankful to my ex-students and NSS volunteers, who accompanied me to the field areas number of times. Special mention needs to made of Shri Surinder Thakur, Narender Singh, Nanha, Kishori Lal, Vishal, Deepak Joshi, Rakku, Rosu, Sanju, and field assistant Shri Piaryu Ram, without whom it would not have been possible to sight Himalayan brown bear on several occasions. I am thankful to Smt. Uma Mahajan for her constant guidance and encouragement, and constantly pushing me to achieve the maximum benefit from this study. I acknowledge the support and encouragement of Shri Komrade Ratten Chand, Shri Manuj Sharma and my friends Shri Vinod Bhavuk and Shri Sarvan Thakur. iii
Page 1 and 2: Saurashtra University Re - Accredit
Page 3 and 4: Ecology of brown bear (Ursus arctos
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Summ
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Chapter 4: Feeding e
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5. Presence of food items in
Page 11 and 12: Photograph 11. Collection of brown
Page 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individual
Page 17 and 18: Summary The brown bear is widely di
Page 19 and 20: own bears and seasonal difference i
Page 21 and 22: use of these habitat categories. Si
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 1.1 Bear species and dist
Page 25 and 26: Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (
Page 27 and 28: 1.2 Status of bear species All bear
Page 29 and 30: human beings. The resources availab
Page 31 and 32: protection methods have been studie
Page 33 and 34: viii. The study will also help sugg
Page 35 and 36: Brown bears were found tetrapedal,
Page 37 and 38: hence created their own dens. Brown
Page 39 and 40: 2.5 Habitat use pattern Johnson (19
Page 41 and 42: evealed that although both preferre
Page 43 and 44: Marchinton, 1980; Smith, 1986; Hell
Page 45 and 46: and ground nesting birds and their
Page 47 and 48: kelp, mollusks, fish and remains of
Page 49 and 50: during early summer (Hamer and Herr
Page 51 and 52: 1983a). Although insects constitute
Page 53 and 54: fruits and mammals. Their study als
Page 55 and 56: geographically (LeFranc et al., 198
Page 57 and 58: commodities in their search for alt
Page 59 and 60: Yellowstone National Park between 1
Page 61 and 62: ear-livestock interactions were rep
Page 63 and 64: Gamgul Siabehi are relatively less
Page 65 and 66:
A list of angiosperms and gymnosper
Page 67 and 68:
(Ursus arctos), the other wild anim
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 4 Feeding ecology of brown
Page 71 and 72:
1984; Mace and Jonkel, 1986; Odhach
Page 73 and 74:
these scats were separately placed
Page 75 and 76:
were analysed, and the proportion o
Page 77 and 78:
Fragaria nubicola 34 times. Photogr
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 5 showed marked monthly vari
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the method of percent occurrence of
Page 83 and 84:
(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and main
Page 85 and 86:
and Aoi, 1987). The higher occurren
Page 87 and 88:
constituted a major portion of earl
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 2. Frequency occurrence of a
Page 91 and 92:
Continued Food items Occurrence Sum
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 4. Number of direct feeding
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Table 3. Availability of food items
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Table 2. Number of direct feeding o
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omnivorous generalist lifestyle. Br
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systematic information is available
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5.3.0. Results In Kugti wildlife sa
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for Agricultural land category and
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5.3.3 Habitat availability vs. util
Page 109 and 110:
ocks with slope grasses (38.4%), Mi
Page 111 and 112:
gentle slope terrain was found to b
Page 113 and 114:
Exposed rock with slope grasses and
Page 115 and 116:
found mainly dependent on availabil
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availability of brown bear habitat
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Ballard et al., 1993) and interior
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slope terrain was found to be highe
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Table 1. Continued S. No. Dry alpin
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Table 3. Frequency of occurrence of
Page 127 and 128:
Table 5. Seasonal variation in habi
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Table 7. Proportional availability
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Figure 1: Sampling layout for veget
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livestock and attack on people. In
Page 135 and 136:
1978; Knight and Judd, 1983; Garshe
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develop mitigation strategies that
Page 139 and 140:
division, Chamba wildlife division,
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in the sanctuary area. Figure 1 als
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Different plant species, phenologic
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Damage to wheat crop was 15-25%. Ma
Page 147 and 148:
Ghiula dhar, Bharali Kinnaur dhar,
Page 149 and 150:
Livestock depredation by brown bear
Page 151 and 152:
The studies conducted in India and
Page 153 and 154:
Table 1. List of grazing pastures o
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3. Livestock depredation in d
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 1. Livestock depredation in
Page 159:
Table 5. Agricultural crops and the
Page 162 and 163:
Table 7. Damage to agricultural cro
Page 164 and 165:
7. Suggestions and recommendations
Page 166 and 167:
4. In Kugti wildlife sanctuary, the
Page 168 and 169:
During evening and night time, the
Page 170 and 171:
17. Brown bears cause extensive dam
Page 172 and 173:
References Abe, H., Aoi, T., Tsubot
Page 174 and 175:
Aune, K. and Kasworm, W. (1989). Fi
Page 176 and 177:
Berns, V.D., Atwell, G.C. and Boone
Page 178 and 179:
Chauhan, N.P.S. (2003). Human casua
Page 180 and 181:
Craighead, F.C., Jr. and Craighead,
Page 182 and 183:
Elgmork, K. and Kassa, J. (1992). F
Page 184 and 185:
Garcia-Gaona, J.F. (1997). Damages
Page 186 and 187:
Gunther, K.A. and Renkin, R.A. (199
Page 188 and 189:
Herrero, S. (1978). A comparison of
Page 190 and 191:
Irving, L. and Krog, J. (1954). Bod
Page 192 and 193:
Joshi, A.R., Garshelis, D.L. and Sm
Page 194 and 195:
Krishna Raju, K.S.R., Krishna Murth
Page 196 and 197:
Mace, R.D. and Waller, J.S. (1996).
Page 198 and 199:
Mattson, D.J. and Hovey, F.W. (1995
Page 200 and 201:
Mertzanis, G. (1994). Brown bear in
Page 202 and 203:
Nawaz, M.A. (2007). Status of the b
Page 204 and 205:
Pazhetnov, V.S. (1990). Brown bear.
Page 206 and 207:
Reynolds, D.G. and Beecham, J. (198
Page 208 and 209:
Sathyakumar, S. (2006a). The status
Page 210 and 211:
Sellers, R.D. and Aumiller, L.D. (1
Page 212 and 213:
Stein, J.T. (2000). From exterminat
Page 214 and 215:
Van Daele, L.J. (1995). Unit 17 bro
Page 216 and 217:
Yamanaka, M., Yasue, K. and Ohtaish
Page 218 and 219:
Continued S. No. Common name Genus
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 3. GPS location of line tr
Page 226 and 227:
Appendix 4 Format - 1(a) Vegetation
Page 228 and 229:
Format - 1(c) Vegetation Compositio
Page 230 and 231:
Format - 1(f) Biotic Pressures Tran
Page 232 and 233:
Format - 2(b) Distribution and Abun
Page 234 and 235:
4. Occupational Pattern: i. Noumber
Page 236 and 237:
vii. Crop damage month-wise: Tick m
Page 238 and 239:
E. NTFP collection: Name Species Qu
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