Certificate - Etheses - Saurashtra University

Hokkaido, the Hokkaido brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoenis) habitat has been severely
limited by human activities, especially the forestry practices and road construction
(Mano and Moll, 2001). It inhabits the island of Hokkaido and the neighboring
Russian controlled islands Kunashiri and Etorofu.
In India, the potential Himalayan brown bear distribution range is about 36,800 km 2
based on the 2005 estimate, of which more than 10 % is protected under the existing
network of protected areas in India (Sathyakumar, 2006a). The Himalayan brown bear
occurs in very low densities in the sub-alpine and alpine regions between 3000-5000m
in the Greater Himalayas and in some parts of the Trans-Himalayan regions
(Sathyakumar, 2001 and 2006a). The Brown bears are largely confined to the
northwestern and western Himalayan ranges in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Asiatic black bear occur in Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, est Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Manipur and Nagaland (Sathyakumar, 2006). They
occur in the rolling uplands and alpine meadows above timberline in the Himalaya,
ecologically separated from the forest dwelling Asiatic black bear (Schaller, 1977). In
the north-western Himalaya, the brown bear is reported to occur in the sub-alpine and
alpine areas (Sathyakumar, 2001 and 2006a). Practically nothing is known about these
populations today, and little information is available about the population in Burma,
Tibet, western China, Korea, and Manchuria. The early reference of occurrence of
brown bear in India dates back to nineteenth century. After the sheep had left their
summer camps at altitudes varying from 10,000 to 13,000 feet, it was not by any
means uncommon to see ‘Bhrubbu’ as the hillman call him, feeding on the grassy
plains in the morning and afternoons and signs of digging and hibernation in first
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